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( Invited ) Carbon as Proton Storage Site in Ti 3 C 2 T x during Electrochemical Protonation
Abstract

( Invited ) Carbon as Proton Storage Site in Ti 3 C 2 T x during Electrochemical Protonation

Ruocun Wang, Pol Sallés Perramon, Yuan Zhang, Pawel Michałowski, Sang Uk Han, Alexander I. Kolesnikov, Aleksandra Vojvodic, Jakub Drnec and Yury Gogotsi
Meeting abstracts (Electrochemical Society), v MA2026-01(8), 729
07 Jul 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2026-018729mtgabs
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Abstract

The ability of energy storage materials to host ions and electrons is fundamental to their applications in batteries and pseudocapacitors. While many transition metals can accommodate electrons, only a few elements, like oxygen and chalcogens, can host cations. Even in MXenes, oxygen surface terminations are believed to enable redox activity and proton storage. In this work, using inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and atomic-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), we reveal that, in addition to the oxygen surface groups, intercalated protons are stored in the interstitial sites of the Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheet, forming C-H bonds. We further showed its effect on the crystal structure evolution using synchrotron-based grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and pair distribution function (PDF). Energetics of the proton at various anion sites were assessed computationally. This work demonstrates the potential of carbon sublattices as proton storage sites, suggesting that 2D transition-metal carbides should be considered for proton-based energy storage.

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