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Symbiosis, Introduction to
Book chapter

Symbiosis, Introduction to

Kerry M. Oliver and Jacob A. Russell
Reference Module in Life Sciences, pp 390-399
2026

Abstract

Adaptation Chemosynthesis Defense Endosymbiont Herbivory Heritable symbiont Horizontal gene transfer Mutualism Mycorrhiza Nutrition Parasitism Reproductive manipulation Symbiont Photosynthesis
Symbiosis is the persistent association of two or more distinct species. Widespread in nature, symbiosis is a fundamental feature of life on Earth that contributed to major transitions in evolution and continues to serve as a recurring source of evolutionary innovation. For example, most plant and animal species harbor microbial symbionts that aid their hosts in resource acquisition or defense. While most symbioses are environmentally acquired each generation, others are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring. Symbioses originate from diverse interaction types and are maintained through a variety of mechanisms. Understanding and manipulating symbioses can directly benefit human interests.

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