Review
Cellular mechanisms of hypoxic injury in the developing brain
Brain Research Bulletin, v 48(3)
1999
PMID: 10229330
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
The susceptibility of the developing brain to hypoxia should depend on the lipid composition of the brain cell membrane; the rate of lipid peroxidation; the presence of anti-oxidant defenses; and the development and modulation of the excitatory neurotransmitter receptors such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the intracellular Ca
++ and intranuclear Ca
++-dependent mechanisms. In addition to the developmental status of these cellular components, the response of these potential mechanisms to hypoxia determines the fate of the hypoxic brain cell in the developing brain. In the fetal guinea pig and newborn piglet models, studies have demonstrated that brain tissue hypoxia results in brain cell membrane damage as evidenced by increased membrane lipid peroxidation and decreased Na
+,K
+-ATPase activity. Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy of alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone spin-adducts, studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that tissue hypoxia results in increased free radical generation in the cortex of fetal guinea pigs and newborn piglets. We have also shown that brain tissue hypoxia modifies the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-ion channel, recognition and modulatory sites. Furthermore, a higher increase in NMDA receptor agonist-dependent Ca
++ in synaptosomes of hypoxic as compared to normoxic fetuses was demonstrated. The increase in intracellular Ca
++ may activate several enzymatic pathways such as phospholipase A
2 and metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase by proteases and activation of nitric oxide synthase. Using specific inhibitors of each of these enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), lipoxygenase (nordihydroguaiaretic acid), xanthine oxidase (allopurinol) and nitric oxide synthase (N-nitro-L-arginine), studies have shown that these enzyme reactions result in oxygen free radical generation, membrane lipid peroxidation and cell membrane dysfunction in the hypoxic brain. We suggest that, during hypoxia, the increased intracellular Ca
++ may lead to an increased intranuclear Ca
++ concentration and alter nuclear events including transcription of specific genes responsible for programmed cell death. In view of the developmental studies presented, the susceptibility of the fetal brain to hypoxia appears to increase with brain development as gestation approaches term.
Metrics
Details
- Title
- Cellular mechanisms of hypoxic injury in the developing brain
- Creators
- Om Prakash Mishra - St. Christopher's Hospital for ChildrenMaria Delivoria-Papadopoulos - St. Christopher's Hospital for Children
- Publication Details
- Brain Research Bulletin, v 48(3)
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Resource Type
- Review
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Pediatrics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000079832700001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-0032906975
- Other Identifier
- 991019169671904721
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
This publication has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:
InCites Highlights
Data related to this publication, from InCites Benchmarking & Analytics tool:
- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Neurosciences