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Published, Version of Record (VoR)Open Access via Drexel Libraries Read and Publish Program 2025CC BY V4.0, Open
Review
Rising illicit drug Adulterants: Xylazine and levamisole
Clinical biochemistry, v 137, 110912
Jun 2025
PMID: 40081518
Featured in Collection : Research Supported by Drexel Libraries' OA Programs
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of xylazine and levamisole as adulterants in illicit drugs presents significant challenges for medical professionals. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of action, prevalence of adulteration, and detection methods for xylazine and levamisole. Clinical implications associated with xylazine and levamisole-contaminated drugs are also discussed. It provides a comprehensive examination of methodologies for analyzing these emerging contaminants, shedding light on the challenges faced by toxicology laboratories in accurately identifying and quantifying these substances. Various analytical techniques, including but not limited to GC–MS, HPLC-MS, and HPLC-MS/MS, are explored in detail, with a focus on their strengths and limitations. This serves as a valuable resource for clinicians seeking to navigate the complexities of analyzing xylazine and levamisole in illicit drug samples. It also contributes to the existing knowledge on illicit drug adulteration by xylazine and levamisole, providing insights that can inform public health interventions, law enforcement efforts, and treatment strategies aimed at mitigating the risks associated with contaminated substances.
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Details
- Title
- Rising illicit drug Adulterants: Xylazine and levamisole
- Creators
- Pedro E M Amaral - Drexel University, Microbiology and ImmunologySamuel O. Beane - Drexel UniversityAngie Albarouki - Drexel UniversityMichael J Tan - Drexel UniversityMegan Schoenberger - Drexel UniversityYinghua Qiu (Corresponding Author) - Drexel University, Microbiology and ImmunologyLi Liu - Massachusetts General HospitalSacha N. Uljon - Massachusetts General HospitalYusheng Zhu - Pennsylvania State UniversityDonald Carl Hall - Drexel University, Microbiology and ImmunologyYuan Yao - Drexel University, Microbiology and Immunology
- Publication Details
- Clinical biochemistry, v 137, 110912
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Number of pages
- 17
- Resource Type
- Review
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Microbiology and Immunology
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001452963100001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105000100375
- Other Identifier
- 991022032971904721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Medical Laboratory Technology