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Anterior cingulate cortex in complex associative learning
Dataset   Open access

Anterior cingulate cortex in complex associative learning

Wenqiang Huang, Arron F Hall, Natalia Kawalec, Ashley Opalka, Jun Liu and Dong Wang
05 Jun 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32591976
url
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32591976View
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Abstract

Cognitive neuroscience
Environmental changes necessitate adaptive responses, and thus the ability to monitor one’s actions and their connection to specific cues and outcomes is crucial for survival. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in these processes, yet its precise role in action monitoring versus outcome tracking remains unclear. To investigate this, we developed a novel discrimination–avoidance task for mice, designed with clear temporal separation between actions and outcomes. Our findings show that ACC neurons primarily encode post-action variables over extended periods, reflecting the animal's preceding actions rather than the outcomes or values of those actions. Specifically, we identified two distinct subpopulations of ACC neurons: one encoding the action state (whether an action was taken) and the other encoding the action content (which action was taken). Importantly, increased post-action ACC activity was associated with better performance in subsequent trials. These findings suggest that the ACC supports complex associative learning through extended signaling of rich action-relevant information, thereby bridging cue, action, and outcome associations.

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