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Dissertation
Heavy metal MXenes: from synthesis to biomedical and shielding applications
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Drexel University
18 May 2026
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17918/00011464
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2011, MXenes have emerged as versatile 2D materials for energy storage, biomedicine, and electromagnetic interference shielding. While Ti₃C₂T_x remains the most studied, this research investigates heavy metal MXenes, specifically focusing on tantalum carbide Ta₄C₃T_x By optimizing precursor stoichiometry and sintering parameters, we achieved highly stoichiometric Ta₄AlC₃ MAX phase, resulting in Ta₄C₃T_x MXene with a record 50% yield and defect-free surfaces. The study further evaluates the biocompatibility of heavy metal MXenes (Ta₄C₃T_x, Nb₄C₃T_x, and Mo₂Ti₂C₃T_x following degradation in biological environments. All compositions maintained a non-toxic profile toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations up to 100 [mu]g/mL. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses revealed that the protein corona and lipid binding are composition-dependent, directly influencing immune recognition. Additionally, investigations into microgravity's effect on cellular uptake provide critical insights for applications in space medicine. Finally, this work presents the first experimental measurements of [gamma]-ray attenuation in MXenes. Ta₄C₃T_x significantly outperforms the archetypal Ti₃C₂T_x across all energy levels, demonstrating attenuation properties comparable to bulk tantalum carbide (TaC). X-ray CT scans of Ta₄C₃T_x-coated cotton fabrics confirm enhanced radiation shielding without compromising fabric texture or wearability. These findings establish a robust synthesis for high-yield Ta₄C₃T_x MXene, validate the long-term biocompatibility of heavy metal MXenes, and pioneer their use in lightweight, flexible radiation shielding. This research positions MXenes as a multifunctional solution for next-generation personal protection and space exploration technologies.
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Details
- Title
- Heavy metal MXenes
- Creators
- Benjamin Chacon
- Contributors
- Yury Gogotsi (Advisor)
- Awarding Institution
- Drexel University
- Degree Awarded
- Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
- Publisher
- Drexel University
- Number of pages
- xx, 121 pages
- Resource Type
- Dissertation
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Materials (Science and) Engineering (Metallurgical Engineering) (1970-2026); College of Engineering (1970-2026); Drexel University
- Other Identifier
- 991022193193704721