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Abstract
Visualizing vascular macrocalcification with computed tomography (CT) was the first noninvasive imaging technique to assess atherosclerosis as an alternative to conventional angiography. In 1990, Agatston et al. introduced a method of scoring coronary artery calcification using low-dose CT,1 which subsequently became widely used clinically. Since then, many new modalities such as CT angiography, magnetic resonance image, magnetic resonance angiography, optical coherence tomography, and intravascular ultrasound have provided new insights into plaque morphology such as cap thickness, presence of intraplaque hemorrhage, and presence of a necrotic core. However, because these structural changes occur in later and often irreversible stages of disease, molecular imaging techniques are necessary to characterize early manifestations of atherosclerosis, allowing for timely diagnosis and intervention (Figure 1).