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A Digital Thread Approach for Real-Time Defect Correction in Polymer Additive Manufacturing
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

A Digital Thread Approach for Real-Time Defect Correction in Polymer Additive Manufacturing

Sarah Malik and Antonios Kontsos
Materials evaluation, v 84(7), 32
01 Jul 2026
Featured in Collection :   Drexel's Newest Publications
url
https://doi.org/10.32548/2026.me-04580View
Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) processes offer versatile capabilities, but parts are often riddled with defects due to the inherent variability of process parameters. This research presents a closed-loop, in situ sensing-based feedback system for autonomous, real-time defect correction that actively adjusts operational parameters by fusing information from multiple sensor inputs. The approach is integral to a digital twin, creating a thread between the manufacturing system, sensing and control data, edge processing, and deep learning–based dynamic adaptations. To demonstrate this approach, a commercial polymer 3D printer outfitted with acoustic emission sensors and optical imaging was used to develop a testbed for manufacturing process monitoring and real-time control. Two principal elements were incorporated: a multimodal deep learning model for heterogeneous sensor inputs, and a digital thread enabling real-time use. Both time-series and image data were collected as exemplary cases of the variety of sensor types usable in similar monitoring and control approaches, while common defects—such as under- and overextrusion—were deliberately introduced into the G-code. The labeled datasets were used to train the deep learning models.

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