Journal article
A Search for Millimeter-bright Blazars as Astrophysical Neutrino Sources
The Astrophysical journal, v 999(1), p98
01 Mar 2026
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Abstract
The powerful jets of blazars have been historically considered as likely sites of high-energy cosmic-ray acceleration. However, the particulars of the launched jet and the locations of leptonic and hadronic jet loading remain unclear. In the case when leptonic and hadronic particle injection occur jointly, a temporal correlation between synchrotron radiation and neutrino production is expected. We use a first catalog of millimeter wavelength (95–225 GHz) blazar light curves from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope for a time-dependent correlation with 12 yr of muon neutrino events from the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory. Such millimeter emission traces activity of the bright jet base, which is often self-absorbed at lower frequencies and potentially gamma-ray opaque. We perform an analysis of the population, as well as analyses of individual, selected sources. We do not observe a significant signal from the stacked population. TXS 0506+056 is found as the most significant, individual source, though this detection is not globally significant in our analysis of selected active galactic nuclei. Our results suggest that the majority of millimeter-bright blazars are neutrino dim. In general, it is possible that many blazars have lighter, leptonic jets, or that only selected blazars provide exceptional conditions for neutrino production.
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- Title
- A Search for Millimeter-bright Blazars as Astrophysical Neutrino Sources
- Creators
- R. Abbasi - Loyola University ChicagoM. Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Adams - University of CanterburyS. K. Agarwalla - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAJ. A. Aguilar - Université Libre de BruxellesM. Ahlers - University of CopenhagenJ. M. Alameddine - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University , D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyN. M. Amin - University of DelawareK. Andeen - Department of Physics, Marquette University , Milwaukee, WI 53201, USAC. Argüelles - Harvard UniversityY. Ashida - University of UtahS. Athanasiadou - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyS. N. Axani - University of DelawareR. Babu - Michigan State UniversityX. Bai - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyJ. Baines-Holmes - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAA. Balagopal V. - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. W. Barwick - University of California, IrvineS. Bash - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenV. Basu - University of UtahR. Bay - University of California, BerkeleyJ. J. Beatty - The Ohio State UniversityJ. Becker Tjus - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum, GermanyP. Behrens - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Beise - Uppsala UniversityC. Bellenghi - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenB. Benkel - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyS. BenZvi - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY 14627, USAD. Berley - University of Maryland, College ParkE. Bernardini - University of PaduaD. Z. Besson - University of KansasE. Blaufuss - University of Maryland, College ParkL. Bloom - University of AlabamaS. Blot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYI. Bodo - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAF. Bontempo - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyJ. Y. Book Motzkin - Harvard UniversityC. Boscolo Meneguolo - Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova , I-35122 Padova PD, ItalyS. Böser - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyO. Botner - Uppsala UniversityJ. Böttcher - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Braun - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAB. Brinson - Georgia Institute of TechnologyZ. Brisson-Tsavoussis - Queen's UniversityR. T. Burley - The University of AdelaideD. Butterfield - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAM. A. Campana - Department of Physics, Drexel University , 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAK. Carloni - Harvard UniversityJ. Carpio - University of Nevada, RenoS. Chattopadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonN. Chau - Université Libre de BruxellesZ. Chen - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USAD. Chirkin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Choi - University of UtahB. A. Clark - University of Maryland, College ParkA. Coleman - Uppsala UniversityP. Coleman - RWTH Aachen UniversityG. H. Collin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. ConnollyJ. M. Conrad - Columbia UniversityR. Corley - University of UtahD. F. Cowen - Pennsylvania State UniversityC. De Clercq - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ. J. DeLaunay - University of AlabamaD. Delgado - Harvard UniversityT. Delmeulle - Université Libre de Bruxelles , Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumS. Deng - RWTH Aachen UniversityP. Desiati - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. D. de Vries - Vrije Universiteit BrusselG. de Wasseige - UCLouvainT. DeYoung - Michigan State UniversityJ. C. Díaz-Vélez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. DiKerby - Michigan State UniversityM. Dittmer - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster , D-48149 Münster, GermanyA. Domi - Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyL. Draper - University of UtahL. Dueser - RWTH Aachen UniversityD. Durnford - University of AlbertaK. Dutta - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. A. DuVernois - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT. Ehrhardt - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyL. Eidenschink - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenA. Eimer - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergP. Eller - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenE. Ellinger - University of WuppertalD. Elsässer - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University , D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyR. Engel - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyH. Erpenbeck - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAW. Esmail - University of MünsterS. Eulig - Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJ. Evans - University of Maryland, College ParkP. A. Evenson - University of DelawareK. L. Fan - University of Maryland, College ParkK. Fang - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Farrag - Chiba UniversityA. R. Fazely - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA. Fedynitch - Academia SinicaN. Feigl - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinC. Finley - Stockholm UniversityL. Fischer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYD. Fox - Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USAA. Franckowiak - Ruhr University BochumS. Fukami - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYP. Fürst - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Gallagher - Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAE. Ganster - RWTH Aachen UniversityA. Garcia - Harvard UniversityM. Garcia - University of DelawareG. Garg - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Genton - UCLouvainL. Gerhardt - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94720, USAA. Ghadimi - University of AlabamaC. Glaser - Uppsala UniversityT. Glüsenkamp - Uppsala UniversityJ. G. Gonzalez - University of DelawareS. GoswamiA. Granados - Michigan State UniversityD. Grant - Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CanadaS. J. Gray - University of Maryland, College ParkS. Griffin - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAS. Griswold - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY 14627, USAK. M. Groth - Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkD. Guevel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonC. Günther - RWTH Aachen UniversityP. Gutjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC. Ha - Chung-Ang UniversityC. Haack - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA. Hallgren - Uppsala UniversityL. Halve - RWTH Aachen UniversityF. Halzen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonL. Hamacher - RWTH Aachen UniversityM. Ha Minh - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenM. Handt - RWTH Aachen UniversityK. Hanson - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAJ. Hardin - Department. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USAA. A. Harnisch - Michigan State UniversityP. Hatch - Queen's UniversityA. Haungs - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ. Häussler - RWTH Aachen UniversityK. Helbing - University of WuppertalJ. Hellrung - Ruhr University BochumL. Hennig - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL. Heuermann - RWTH Aachen UniversityR. Hewett - University of CanterburyN. Heyer - Uppsala UniversityS. Hickford - Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal , D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyA. Hidvegi - Stockholm UniversityC. Hill - Chiba UniversityG. C. Hill - The University of AdelaideR. Hmaid - Chiba UniversityK. D. Hoffman - Department of Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAD. Hooper - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAS. Hori - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Hoshina - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAM. Hostert - Harvard UniversityW. Hou - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyT. Huber - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyK. Hultqvist - Stockholm UniversityK. HymonA. Ishihara - Chiba UniversityW. Iwakiri - Chiba UniversityM. Jacquart - University of CopenhagenS. Jain - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAO. Janik - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM. Jeong - University of UtahM. Jin - Harvard UniversityN. Kamp - Harvard UniversityD. Kang - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyX. Kang - Department of Physics, Drexel University , 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAA. Kappes - University of MünsterL. Kardum - TU Dortmund UniversityT. Karg - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Karl - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenA. Karle - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Katil - University of AlbertaM. Kauer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. L. Kelley - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAM. Khanal - University of UtahA. Khatee Zathul - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAA. Kheirandish - University of Nevada, RenoH. Kimku - Chung-Ang UniversityJ. Kiryluk - Stony Brook UniversityC. Klein - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS. R. Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryY. Kobayashi - Chiba UniversityA. Kochocki - Michigan State UniversityR. Koirala - Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716, USAH. Kolanoski - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinT. Kontrimas - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenL. Köpke - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyC. Kopper - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergD. J. Koskinen - University of CopenhagenP. Koundal - University of DelawareM. KowalskiT. Kozynets - University of CopenhagenN. Krieger - Harvard UniversityJ. Krishnamoorthi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT. Krishnan - Harvard UniversityK. Kruiswijk - UCLouvainE. Krupczak - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USAA. Kumar - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYE. Kun - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum, GermanyN. Kurahashi - Drexel University, PhysicsN. Lad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. Lagunas Gualda - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYL. Lallement Arnaud - Université Libre de Bruxelles , Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumM. Lamoureux - UCLouvainM. J. Larson - University of Maryland, College ParkF. Lauber - University of WuppertalJ. P. Lazar - UCLouvainK. Leonard DeHolton - Pennsylvania State UniversityA. Leszczyńska - University of DelawareJ. Liao - Georgia Institute of TechnologyY. T. Liu - Pennsylvania State UniversityM. Liubarska - University of AlbertaC. Love - Drexel University, PhysicsL. Lu - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF. Lucarelli - University of GenevaW. Luszczak - The Ohio State UniversityY. Lyu - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryJ. Madsen - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAE. Magnus - Vrije Universiteit BrusselK. B. M. Mahn - Michigan State UniversityY. Makino - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAE. Manao - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenS. Mancina - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Mand - University of Wisconsin–MadisonI. C. Mariş - Université Libre de BruxellesS. Marka - Columbia UniversityZ. Marka - Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, USAL. Marten - RWTH Aachen UniversityI. Martinez-Soler - Harvard UniversityR. Maruyama - Yale UniversityF. Mayhew - Michigan State UniversityF. McNally - Mercer UniversityJ. V. Mead - Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkK. Meagher - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAS. Mechbal - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA. Medina - The Ohio State UniversityM. Meier - Chiba UniversityY. Merckx - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL. Merten - Ruhr University BochumJ. Mitchell - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeL. Molchany - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyT. Montaruli - Département de Physique NucléaireR. W. Moore - Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, CanadaY. Morii - Chiba UniversityA. Mosbrugger - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM. Moulai - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAD. Mousadi - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT. Mukherjee - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyR. Naab - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Nakos - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYU. Naumann - University of WuppertalJ. Necker - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYL. Neste - Stockholm UniversityM. Neumann - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster , D-48149 Münster, GermanyH. Niederhausen - Michigan State UniversityM. U. Nisa - Michigan State UniversityK. Noda - Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University , Chiba 263-8522, JapanA. Noell - III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University , D-52056 Aachen, GermanyA. Novikov - University of DelawareA. Obertacke Pollmann - Chiba UniversityV. O’Dell - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Olivas - Department of Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAR. Orsoe - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenJ. Osborn - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAE. O’Sullivan - Uppsala UniversityV. Palusova - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzH. Pandya - Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716, USAA. Parenti - Université Libre de BruxellesN. Park - Queen's UniversityV. Parrish - Michigan State UniversityE. N. Paudel - University of DelawareL. Paul - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyC. Pérez de los Heros - Uppsala UniversityT. Pernice - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Peterson - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAM. Plum - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyA. Pontén - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, SwedenV. Poojyam - University of AlabamaY. Popovych - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. Prado Rodriguez - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAB. Pries - Michigan State UniversityR. Procter-Murphy - Department of Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAG. T. Przybylski - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryL. Pyras - University of UtahC. Raab - UCLouvainJ. Rack-Helleis - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyN. Rad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Ravn - Uppsala UniversityK. Rawlins - University of Alaska AnchorageZ. Rechav - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Rehman - University of DelawareI. Reistroffer - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyE. Resconi - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenS. Reusch - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. D. Rho - Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of KoreaW. Rhode - TU Dortmund UniversityB. Riedel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Rifaie - University of WuppertalE. J. Roberts - The University of AdelaideS. RobertsonM. Rongen - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA. Rosted - Chiba UniversityC. Rott - Sungkyunkwan UniversityT. Ruhe - TU Dortmund UniversityL. Ruohan - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenJ. Saffer - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyD. Salazar-Gallegos - Michigan State UniversityP. Sampathkumar - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA. Sandrock - TU Dortmund UniversityG. Sanger-Johnson - Michigan State UniversityM. Santander - University of AlabamaS. Sarkar - University of OxfordJ. Savelberg - III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University , D-52056 Aachen, GermanyP. Schaile - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenM. Schaufel - RWTH Aachen UniversityH. Schieler - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyS. Schindler - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL. Schlickmann - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz , Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyB. Schlüter - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster , D-48149 Münster, GermanyF. Schlüter - Université Libre de BruxellesN. Schmeisser - University of WuppertalT. Schmidt - Department of Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAF. G. Schröder - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyL. Schumacher - Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyS. Schwirn - RWTH Aachen UniversityS. Sclafani - Department of Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAD. Seckel - University of DelawareL. Seen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Seikh - University of KansasS. Seunarine - University of Wisconsin–River FallsP. A. Sevle Myhr - UCLouvainR. Shah - Department of Physics, Drexel University , 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAS. Shefali - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN. Shimizu - Chiba UniversityB. Skrzypek - University of California, BerkeleyR. Snihur - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. Soedingrekso - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University , D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyA. Søgaard - Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkD. Soldin - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP. Soldin - RWTH Aachen UniversityG. Sommani - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum, GermanyC. Spannfellner - Technical University of MunichG. M. Spiczak - University of Wisconsin–River FallsC. Spiering - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Stachurska - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Stamatikos - The Ohio State UniversityT. Stanev - University of DelawareT. Stezelberger - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryT. Stürwald - University of WuppertalT. Stuttard - University of CopenhagenG. W. Sullivan - University of Maryland, College ParkI. Taboada - Georgia Institute of TechnologyS. Ter-Antonyan - Department of Physics, Southern University , Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USAA. Terliuk - Physik-department, Technische Universität München , D-85748 Garching, GermanyA. Thakuri - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyM. Thiesmeyer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW. G. Thompson - Harvard UniversityJ. Thwaites - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Tilav - University of DelawareK. Tollefson - Michigan State UniversityS. Toscano - Université Libre de BruxellesD. Tosi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Trettin - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA. K. Upadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Upshaw - Institute of Management Business and LawA. Vaidyanathan - Marquette UniversityN. Valtonen-Mattila - Uppsala UniversityJ. Valverde - University of Maryland, Baltimore CountyJ. Vandenbroucke - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT. Van Eeden - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYN. van Eijndhoven - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL. Van Rootselaar - TU Dortmund UniversityJ. van Santen - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Vara - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster , D-48149 Münster, GermanyF. Varsi - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM. Venugopal - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM. Vereecken - UCLouvainS. Vergara Carrasco - University of CanterburyS. Verpoest - University of DelawareD. Veske - Columbia UniversityA. Vijai - Department of Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAJ. Villarreal - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Walck - Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenA. Wang - Georgia Institute of TechnologyE. Warrick - University of AlabamaC. Weaver - Michigan State UniversityP. Weigel - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. Weindl - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA. Y. Wen - Harvard UniversityC. Wendt - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAJ. Werthebach - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University , D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyM. Weyrauch - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN. Whitehorn - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USAC. H. Wiebusch - RWTH Aachen UniversityD. R. Williams - University of AlabamaL. Witthaus - TU Dortmund UniversityM. Wolf - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenG. Wrede - Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyX. W. Xu - Department of Physics, Southern University , Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USAJ. P. Yañez - University of AlbertaY. Yao - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAE. Yildizci - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAS. Yoshida - Chiba UniversityR. Young - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS 66045, USAF. Yu - Harvard UniversityS. Yu - University of UtahT. Yuan - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USAA. Zegarelli - Ruhr University BochumS. Zhang - Michigan State UniversityZ. Zhang - Stony Brook UniversityP. Zhelnin - Harvard UniversityP. Zilberman - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. D. HincksX. MaC. VargasC. Hervías-Caimapo - Instituto de Astrofísica and Centro de Astro-Ingeniería , Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, ChileE. S. Battistelli - Sapienza Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome (RM), ItalyK. HuffenbergerJ. McmahonS. Naess - Institute for theoretical astrophysics, University of Oslo , NorwayJ. Orlowski-Scherer - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAB. Partridge - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Haverford College , 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USACristóbal Sifón - Instituto de Física , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, ChileE. J. Wollack - NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAThe IceCube Collaboration
- Publication Details
- The Astrophysical journal, v 999(1), p98
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Number of pages
- 22
- Grant note
- USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research FoAdvanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS)NVIDIA CorporationFWO Odysseus and Big Science programmesBelgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo)Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz AssociationSweden-Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Polar Research SecretariatKnut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationEuropean Union-EGI Advanced Computing for researchAustralia-Australian Research CouncilDigital Research Alliance of CanadaDenmark-Villum FondenCarlsberg FoundationEuropean CommissionNew Zealand-Marsden FundSwitzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)U.S. National Science Foundation: AST-0408698, AST-0965625, AST-1440226, PHY-0355328, PHY-0855887, PHY-1214379 Princeton UniversityCanada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) awardAgencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID)NASA: NNX13AE56G, NNX14AB58G NIST Innovations in Measurement Science program - CFI under the auspices of Compute CanadaGovernment of OntarioOntario Research FundResearch ExcellenceUniversity of TorontoSimons Foundation: CCA 918271 Sutton Family Chair in Science, Christianity and Cultures, from the Faculty of Arts and Science, University of TorontoNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC): RGPIN-2023-05014, DGECR-2023-00180, 3220255 BASAL CATA: FB210003 Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID) through Basal: FB210003
The IceCube collaboration acknowledges the significant contribution to this manuscript from Alina Kochocki. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support for IceCube from the following agencies and institutions: USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Partnership to Advance Throughput Computing (PATh), Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS), Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University, NVIDIA Corporation, and Google Cloud Platform; Belgium -Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen; Sweden-Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Union-EGI Advanced Computing for research; Australia-Australian Research Council; Canada-Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Quebec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Digital Research Alliance of Canada; Denmark-Villum Fonden, Carlsberg Foundation, and European Commission; New Zealand-Marsden Fund; Japan-Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University; Korea-National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Switzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The ACT collaboration acknowledges the significant contribution to this manuscript from Adam Hincks, Xiaoyi Ma, Cristian Vargas, and Carlos Hervias-Caimapo. The authors thank Suzanne Staggs for feedback on the manuscript. Support for ACT was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation through awards AST-0408698, AST-0965625, and AST-1440226 for the ACT project, as well as awards PHY-0355328, PHY-0855887, and PHY-1214379. Funding was also provided by Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and a Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) award to UBC. ACT operated in the Parque Astronomico Atacama in northern Chile under the auspices of the Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID). The development of multichroic detectors and lenses was supported by NASA grants NNX13AE56G and NNX14AB58G. Detector research at NIST was supported by the NIST Innovations in Measurement Science program. Computing for ACT was performed using the Princeton Research Computing resources at Princeton University, the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), and the Niagara supercomputer at the SciNet HPC Consortium. SciNet is funded by the CFI under the auspices of Compute Canada, the Government of Ontario, the Ontario Research FundResearch Excellence, and the University of Toronto. We thank the Republic of Chile for hosting ACT in the northern Atacama, and the local indigenous Licanantay communities whom we follow in observing and learning from the night sky. This work was supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (CCA 918271, PBL). A.D.H. acknowledges support from the Sutton Family Chair in Science, Christianity and Cultures, from the Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, and from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [RGPIN-2023-05014, DGECR-2023-00180]. C.H.C. acknowledges ANID FONDECYT Postdoc Fellowship 3220255 and BASAL CATA FB210003. C.S. acknowledges support from the Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID) through Basal project FB210003.
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001706148500001
- Other Identifier
- 991022162822104721