Journal article
Advancing Dry Electroencephalography With Scalable, Soft, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Compatible Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrodes for Research and Clinical-Grade Applications
Advanced science, Forthcoming
15 Feb 2026
PMID: 41691495
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG), essential for diagnosing and researching neurological disorders, utilizes gelled electrodes, which present limitations in safety, comfort, stability, and usability, particularly in long-term applications. We introduce a novel dry EEG technology using soft, porous, low-impedance, Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes. The 10 Hz impedance of these electrodes across scalp locations is 2.1 ± 1.8 kΩ, comparable to gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes and below clinical thresholds. Ti3C2Tx electrodes maintain stable impedance over 4.5 h on agarose phantoms and retain structure after 50 cycles of 80% axial compression. These electrodes are suitable for simultaneous EEG and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), exhibiting no significant displacement, heating, or unsafe charge densities under TMS fields. We benchmarked dry electrodes across recording scenarios and hair types against gelled electrodes. In full-scalp steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) recordings, gelled and Ti3C2Tx electrodes were highly correlated (R > 0.89). Clinical EEG with Ti3C2Tx electrodes captured all features observed with gelled electrodes (R > 0.84) and was rated for clinical quality by neurologists. Furthermore, dry MXene EEG electrode recorded high-quality EEG for over 4 h. In mobile EEG, Ti3C2Tx electrodes did not induce signal distortions and enabled task-specific feature detection with a comparable signal-to-noise ratio to gelled electrodes. These findings establish dry Ti3C2Tx electrodes as an alternative to gel-based systems, with broad potential in clinical diagnostics and research.
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Details
- Title
- Advancing Dry Electroencephalography With Scalable, Soft, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Compatible Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrodes for Research and Clinical-Grade Applications
- Creators
- Sneha Shankar - Philadelphia VA Medical CenterJakob Michiels - Philadelphia VA Medical CenterKsenija Tasich - University of PennsylvaniaAshley Koluda - University of PennsylvaniaRyan Rich - Institute of Cognitive and Brain SciencesBrian Erickson - Institute of Cognitive and Brain SciencesEugenia Angelopoulos - University of PennsylvaniaFrancesca Cimino - University of PennsylvaniaDaryl Hurwitz - University of PennsylvaniaRaghav Garg - Philadelphia VA Medical CenterSpencer R. Averbeck - University of PennsylvaniaDoris Xu - University of PennsylvaniaMariam Josyula - University of PennsylvaniaNina Petillo - University of PennsylvaniaJames J. Gugger - University of RochesterKathryn A. Davis - University of PennsylvaniaJohn Medaglia - Institute of Cognitive and Brain SciencesFlavia Vitale (Corresponding Author) - Philadelphia VA Medical Center
- Publication Details
- Advanced science, Forthcoming
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Number of pages
- 21
- Grant note
- Starfish Neuroscience, Inc.National Institutes of Health (NIH): R01NS121219
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant no. R01NS121219 (F.V., J.D.M., and K.A.D.) and Starfish Neuroscience, Inc. (J.D.M).
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Psychological and Brain Sciences (Psychology)
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001691642600001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105030135278
- Other Identifier
- 991022163434304721