All-sky Neutrino Point-source Search with IceCube Combined Track and Cascade Data

R Abbasi; M Ackermann; J Adams; S. K Agarwalla; J. A Aguilar; M Ahlers; J.M Alameddine; S Ali; N. M Amin; K Andeen; C Argüelles; Y Ashida; S Athanasiadou; S. N Axani; R Babu; X Bai; J Baines-Holmes; A Balagopal V; S. W Barwick; S Bash; V Basu; R Bay; J. J Beatty; J Becker Tjus; P Behrens; J Beise; C Bellenghi; B Benkel; S BenZvi; D Berley; E Bernardini; D. Z Besson; E Blaufuss; L Bloom; S Blot; I Bodo; F Bontempo; J. Y. Book Motzkin; C Boscolo Meneguolo; S Böser; O Botner; J Böttcher; J Braun; B Brinson; Z Brisson-Tsavoussis; R. T Burley; D Butterfield; M. A Campana; K Carloni; J Carpio; S Chattopadhyay; N Chau; Z Chen; D Chirkin; S Choi; B. A Clark; A Coleman; P Coleman; G. H Collin; D. A. Coloma Borja; A Connolly; J. M Conrad; R Corley; D. F Cowen; C De Clercq; J. J DeLaunay; D Delgado; T Delmeulle; S Deng; P Desiati; K. D de Vries; G de Wasseige; T DeYoung; J. C Díaz-Vélez; S DiKerby; M Dittmer; A Domi; L Draper; L Dueser; D Durnford; K Dutta; M. A DuVernois; T Ehrhardt; L Eidenschink; A Eimer; P Eller; E Ellinger; D Elsässer; R Engel; H Erpenbeck; W Esmail; S Eulig; J Evans; P. A Evenson; K. L Fan; K Fang; K Farrag; A. R Fazely; A Fedynitch; N Feigl; C Finley; L Fischer; D Fox; A Franckowiak; S Fukami; P Fürst; J Gallagher; E Ganster; A Garcia; M Garcia; G Garg; E Genton; L Gerhardt; A Ghadimi; C Glaser; T Glüsenkamp; J. G Gonzalez; S Goswami; A Granados; D Grant; S. J Gray; S Griffin; S Griswold; K. M Groth; D Guevel; C Günther; P Gutjahr; C Ha; C Haack; A Hallgren; L Halve; F Halzen; L Hamacher; M Ha Minh; M Handt; K Hanson; J Hardin; A. A Harnisch; P Hatch; A Haungs; J Häussler; K Helbing; J Hellrung; B Henke; L Hennig; F Henningsen; L Heuermann; R Hewett; N Heyer; S Hickford; A Hidvegi; C Hill; G. C Hill; R Hmaid; K. D Hoffman; D Hooper; S Hori; K Hoshina; M Hostert; W Hou; T Huber; K Hultqvist; K Hymon; A Ishihara; W Iwakiri; M Jacquart; S Jain; O Janik; M Jansson; M Jeong; M Jin; N Kamp; D Kang; W Kang; X Kang; A Kappes; L Kardum; T Karg; M Karl; A Karle; A Katil; M Kauer; J. L Kelley; M Khanal; A Khatee Zathul; A Kheirandish; H Kimku; J Kiryluk; C Klein; S. R Klein; Y Kobayashi; A Kochocki; R Koirala; H Kolanoski; T Kontrimas; L Köpke; C Kopper; D. J Koskinen; P Koundal; M Kowalski; T Kozynets; N Krieger; J Krishnamoorthi; T Krishnan; K Kruiswijk; E Krupczak; A Kumar; E Kun; N Kurahashi; N Lad; C Lagunas Gualda; L. Lallement Arnaud; M Lamoureux; M. J Larson; F Lauber; J. P Lazar; K Leonard DeHolton; A Leszczyńska; J Liao; C Lin; Y. T Liu; M Liubarska; C Love; L Lu; F Lucarelli; W Luszczak; Y Lyu; J Madsen; E Magnus; Y Makino; E Manao; S Mancina; A Mand; I. C Mariş; S Marka; Z Marka; L Marten; I Martinez-Soler; R Maruyama; J Mauro; F Mayhew; F McNally; J. V Mead; K Meagher; S Mechbal; A Medina; M Meier; Y Merckx; L Merten; J Mitchell; L Molchany; T Montaruli; R. W Moore; Y Morii; A Mosbrugger; M Moulai; D Mousadi; E Moyaux; T Mukherjee; R Naab; M Nakos; U Naumann; J Necker; L Neste; M Neumann; H Niederhausen; M. U Nisa; K Noda; A Noell; A Novikov; A Obertacke Pollmann; V O’Dell; A Olivas; R Orsoe; J Osborn; E O’Sullivan; V Palusova; H Pandya; A Parenti; N Park; V Parrish; E. N Paudel; L Paul; C. Pérez de los Heros; T Pernice; J Peterson; M Plum; A Pontén; V Poojyam; Y Popovych; M. Prado Rodriguez; B Pries; R. Procter Murphy; G. T Przybylski; L Pyras; C Raab; J Rack-Helleis; N Rad; M Ravn; K Rawlins; Z Rechav; A Rehman; I Reistroffer; E Resconi; S Reusch; C. D Rho; W Rhode; L Ricca; B Riedel; A Rifaie; E. J Roberts; S Robertson; M Rongen; A Rosted; C Rott; T Ruhe; L Ruohan; D Ryckbosch; J Saffer; D Salazar-Gallegos; P Sampathkumar; A Sandrock; G Sanger-Johnson; M Santander; S Sarkar; J Savelberg; M Scarnera; P Schaile; M Schaufel; H Schieler; S Schindler; L Schlickmann; B Schlüter; F Schlüter; N Schmeisser; T Schmidt; F. G Schröder; L Schumacher; S Schwirn; S Sclafani; D Seckel; L Seen; M Seikh; S Seunarine; P. A. Sevle Myhr; R Shah; S Shefali; N Shimizu; B Skrzypek; R Snihur; J Soedingrekso; A Sègaard; D Soldin; P Soldin; G Sommani; C Spannfellner; G. M Spiczak; C Spiering; J Stachurska; M Stamatikos; T Stanev; T Stezelberger; T Stürwald; T Stuttard; G. W Sullivan; I Taboada; S Ter-Antonyan; A Terliuk; A Thakuri; M Thiesmeyer; W. G Thompson; J Thwaites; S Tilav; K Tollefson; S Toscano; D Tosi; A Trettin; A. K Upadhyay; K Upshaw; A Vaidyanathan; N Valtonen-Mattila; J Valverde; J Vandenbroucke; T Van Eeden; N van Eijndhoven; L Van Rootselaar; J van Santen; J Vara; F Varsi; M Venugopal; M Vereecken; S. Vergara Carrasco; S Verpoest; D Veske; A Vijai; J Villarreal; C Walck; A Wang; E. H. S Warrick; C Weaver; P Weigel; A Weindl; J Weldert; A. Y Wen; C Wendt; J Werthebach; M Weyrauch; N Whitehorn; C. H Wiebusch; D. R Williams; L Witthaus; M Wolf; G Wrede; X. W Xu; J. P Yanez; E Yildizci; S Yoshida; R Young; F Yu; S Yu; T Yuan; A Zegarelli; S Zhang; Z Zhang; P Zhelnin; P Zilberman; <collab collab-type="on-behalf-of">IceCube Collaboration</collab> <collab collab-type="on-behalf-of">IceCube Collaboration</collab>

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae113f

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All-sky Neutrino Point-source Search with IceCube Combined Track and Cascade Data

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All-sky Neutrino Point-source Search with IceCube Combined Track and Cascade Data

R Abbasi, M Ackermann, J Adams, S. K Agarwalla, J. A Aguilar, M Ahlers, J.M Alameddine, S Ali, N. M Amin, K Andeen, …

The Astrophysical journal, v 995(1), p11

10 Dec 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae113f

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Abstract

Catalogs

Energy resolution

Galaxies

Gamma emission

Gamma rays

Neutrinos

Northern sky

Point sources

Searching

Sensitivity

Seyfert galaxies

Southern sky

Despite extensive efforts, discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrino sources remains elusive. We present an event-level simultaneous maximum likelihood analysis of tracks and cascades using IceCube data collected from 2008 April 6 to 2022 May 23 to search the whole sky for neutrino sources, and using a source catalog, for coincidence of neutrino emission with gamma-ray emission. This is the first time a simultaneous fit of different detection channels is used to conduct a time-integrated all-sky scan with IceCube. Combining all-sky tracks, with superior pointing power and sensitivity in the northern sky, with all-sky cascades, with good energy resolution and sensitivity in the southern sky, we have developed the most sensitive point-source search to date by IceCube that targets the entire sky. The most significant point in the northern sky aligns with NGC 1068, a Seyfert II galaxy, which, from the catalog search, shows a 3.5σ excess over background after accounting for trials. The most significant point in the southern sky does not align with any source in the catalog and is not significant after accounting for trials. A search for the single most significant Gaussian flare at the locations of NGC 1068, PKS 1424+240, and the southern highest-significance point shows results consistent with expectations for steady emission. Notably, this is the first time that a flare shorter than four years has been excluded as being responsible for NGC 1068’s emergence as a neutrino source. Our results show that combining tracks and cascades when conducting neutrino source searches improves sensitivity and can lead to new discoveries.

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Title: All-sky Neutrino Point-source Search with IceCube Combined Track and Cascade Data
Creators: R Abbasi
M Ackermann
J Adams
S. K Agarwalla
J. A Aguilar
M Ahlers
J.M Alameddine
S Ali
N. M Amin
K Andeen
C Argüelles
Y Ashida
S Athanasiadou
S. N Axani
R Babu
X Bai
J Baines-Holmes
A Balagopal V
S. W Barwick
S Bash
V Basu
R Bay
J. J Beatty
J Becker Tjus
P Behrens
J Beise
C Bellenghi
B Benkel
S BenZvi
D Berley
E Bernardini
D. Z Besson
E Blaufuss
L Bloom
S Blot
I Bodo
F Bontempo
J. Y. Book Motzkin
C Boscolo Meneguolo
S Böser
O Botner
J Böttcher
J Braun
B Brinson
Z Brisson-Tsavoussis
R. T Burley
D Butterfield
M. A Campana
K Carloni
J Carpio
S Chattopadhyay
N Chau
Z Chen
D Chirkin
S Choi
B. A Clark
A Coleman
P Coleman
G. H Collin
D. A. Coloma Borja
A Connolly
J. M Conrad
R Corley
D. F Cowen
C De Clercq
J. J DeLaunay
D Delgado
T Delmeulle
S Deng
P Desiati
K. D de Vries
G de Wasseige
T DeYoung
J. C Díaz-Vélez
S DiKerby
M Dittmer
A Domi
L Draper
L Dueser
D Durnford
K Dutta
M. A DuVernois
T Ehrhardt
L Eidenschink
A Eimer
P Eller
E Ellinger
D Elsässer
R Engel
H Erpenbeck
W Esmail
S Eulig
J Evans
P. A Evenson
K. L Fan
K Fang
K Farrag
A. R Fazely
A Fedynitch
N Feigl
C Finley
L Fischer
D Fox
A Franckowiak
S Fukami
P Fürst
J Gallagher
E Ganster
A Garcia
M Garcia
G Garg
E Genton
L Gerhardt
A Ghadimi
C Glaser
T Glüsenkamp
J. G Gonzalez
S Goswami
A Granados
D Grant
S. J Gray
S Griffin
S Griswold
K. M Groth
D Guevel
C Günther
P Gutjahr
C Ha
C Haack
A Hallgren
L Halve
F Halzen
L Hamacher
M Ha Minh
M Handt
K Hanson
J Hardin
A. A Harnisch
P Hatch
A Haungs
J Häussler
K Helbing
J Hellrung
B Henke
L Hennig
F Henningsen
L Heuermann
R Hewett
N Heyer
S Hickford
A Hidvegi
C Hill
G. C Hill
R Hmaid
K. D Hoffman
D Hooper
S Hori
K Hoshina
M Hostert
W Hou
T Huber
K Hultqvist
K Hymon
A Ishihara
W Iwakiri
M Jacquart
S Jain
O Janik
M Jansson
M Jeong
M Jin
N Kamp
D Kang
W Kang
X Kang
A Kappes
L Kardum
T Karg
M Karl
A Karle
A Katil
M Kauer
J. L Kelley
M Khanal
A Khatee Zathul
A Kheirandish
H Kimku
J Kiryluk
C Klein
S. R Klein
Y Kobayashi
A Kochocki
R Koirala
H Kolanoski
T Kontrimas
L Köpke
C Kopper
D. J Koskinen
P Koundal
M Kowalski
T Kozynets
N Krieger
J Krishnamoorthi
T Krishnan
K Kruiswijk
E Krupczak
A Kumar
E Kun
N Kurahashi
N Lad
C Lagunas Gualda
L. Lallement Arnaud
M Lamoureux
M. J Larson
F Lauber
J. P Lazar
K Leonard DeHolton
A Leszczyńska
J Liao
C Lin
Y. T Liu
M Liubarska
C Love
L Lu
F Lucarelli
W Luszczak
Y Lyu
J Madsen
E Magnus
Y Makino
E Manao
S Mancina
A Mand
I. C Mariş
S Marka
Z Marka
L Marten
I Martinez-Soler
R Maruyama
J Mauro
F Mayhew
F McNally
J. V Mead
K Meagher
S Mechbal
A Medina
M Meier
Y Merckx
L Merten
J Mitchell
L Molchany
T Montaruli
R. W Moore
Y Morii
A Mosbrugger
M Moulai
D Mousadi
E Moyaux
T Mukherjee
R Naab
M Nakos
U Naumann
J Necker
L Neste
M Neumann
H Niederhausen
M. U Nisa
K Noda
A Noell
A Novikov
A Obertacke Pollmann
V O’Dell
A Olivas
R Orsoe
J Osborn
E O’Sullivan
V Palusova
H Pandya
A Parenti
N Park
V Parrish
E. N Paudel
L Paul
C. Pérez de los Heros
T Pernice
J Peterson
M Plum
A Pontén
V Poojyam
Y Popovych
M. Prado Rodriguez
B Pries
R. Procter Murphy
G. T Przybylski
L Pyras
C Raab
J Rack-Helleis
N Rad
M Ravn
K Rawlins
Z Rechav
A Rehman
I Reistroffer
E Resconi
S Reusch
C. D Rho
W Rhode
L Ricca
B Riedel
A Rifaie
E. J Roberts
S Robertson
M Rongen
A Rosted
C Rott
T Ruhe
L Ruohan
D Ryckbosch
J Saffer
D Salazar-Gallegos
P Sampathkumar
A Sandrock
G Sanger-Johnson
M Santander
S Sarkar
J Savelberg
M Scarnera
P Schaile
M Schaufel
H Schieler
S Schindler
L Schlickmann
B Schlüter
F Schlüter
N Schmeisser
T Schmidt
F. G Schröder
L Schumacher
S Schwirn
S Sclafani
D Seckel
L Seen
M Seikh
S Seunarine
P. A. Sevle Myhr
R Shah
S Shefali
N Shimizu
B Skrzypek
R Snihur
J Soedingrekso
A Sègaard
D Soldin
P Soldin
G Sommani
C Spannfellner
G. M Spiczak
C Spiering
J Stachurska
M Stamatikos
T Stanev
T Stezelberger
T Stürwald
T Stuttard
G. W Sullivan
I Taboada
S Ter-Antonyan
A Terliuk
A Thakuri
M Thiesmeyer
W. G Thompson
J Thwaites
S Tilav
K Tollefson
S Toscano
D Tosi
A Trettin
A. K Upadhyay
K Upshaw
A Vaidyanathan
N Valtonen-Mattila
J Valverde
J Vandenbroucke
T Van Eeden
N van Eijndhoven
L Van Rootselaar
J van Santen
J Vara
F Varsi
M Venugopal
M Vereecken
S. Vergara Carrasco
S Verpoest
D Veske
A Vijai
J Villarreal
C Walck
A Wang
E. H. S Warrick
C Weaver
P Weigel
A Weindl
J Weldert
A. Y Wen
C Wendt
J Werthebach
M Weyrauch
N Whitehorn
C. H Wiebusch
D. R Williams
L Witthaus
M Wolf
G Wrede
X. W Xu
J. P Yanez
E Yildizci
S Yoshida
R Young
F Yu
S Yu
T Yuan
A Zegarelli
S Zhang
Z Zhang
P Zhelnin
P Zilberman
IceCube Collaboration IceCube Collaboration
Publication Details: The Astrophysical journal, v 995(1), p11
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Number of pages: 21
Grant note: USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research FoCenter for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-MadisonAdvanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS)NVIDIA CorporationGoogle Cloud PlatformFWO Odysseus and Big Science programmesBelgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo)Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz AssociationSweden-Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Polar Research SecretariatKnut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationEuropean Union-EGI Advanced Computing for researchAustralia-Australian Research CouncilDigital Research Alliance of CanadaDenmark-Villum FondenCarlsberg FoundationEuropean CommissionNew Zealand-Marsden FundKorea-National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)Switzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
The IceCube collaboration acknowledges the significant contributions to this manuscript from Riya Shah. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the following agencies and institutions: USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Partnership to Advance Throughput Computing (PATh), Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS), Frontera and Ranch computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University, NVIDIA Corporation, and Google Cloud Platform; Belgium-Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen; Sweden-Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Union-EGI Advanced Computing for research; Australia-Australian Research Council; Canada-Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Quebec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Digital Research Alliance of Canada; Denmark-Villum Fonden, Carlsberg Foundation, and European Commission; New Zealand-Marsden Fund; Japan-Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University; Korea-National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Switzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
Resource Type: Journal article
Language: English
Academic Unit: Physics
Web of Science ID: WOS:001639647400001
Other Identifier: 991022145425604721

All-sky Neutrino Point-source Search with IceCube Combined Track and Cascade Data

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