Journal article
Burden of disease scenarios by state in the USA, 2022–50: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
The Lancet (British edition), v 404(10469), pp 2341-2370
07 Dec 2024
PMID: 39645377
Abstract
The capacity to anticipate future health issues is important for both policy makers and practitioners in the USA, as such insights can facilitate effective planning, investment, and implementation strategies. Forecasting trends in disease and injury burden is not only crucial for policy makers but also garners substantial interest from the general populace and leads to a better-informed public. Through the integration of new data sources, the refinement of methodologies, and the inclusion of additional causes, we have improved our previous forecasting efforts within the scope of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to produce forecasts at the state and national levels for the USA under various possible scenarios.
We developed a comprehensive framework for forecasting life expectancy, healthy life expectancy (HALE), cause-specific mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 359 causes of disease and injury burden from 2022 to 2050 for the USA and all 50 states and Washington, DC. Using the GBD 2021 Future Health Scenarios modelling framework, we forecasted drivers of disease, demographic drivers, risk factors, temperature and particulate matter, mortality and years of life lost (YLL), population, and non-fatal burden. In addition to a reference scenario (representing the most probable future trajectory), we explored various future scenarios and their potential impacts over the next several decades on human health. These alternative scenarios comprised four risk elimination scenarios (including safer environment, improved behavioural and metabolic risks, improved childhood nutrition and vaccination, and a combined scenario) and three USA-specific scenarios based on risk exposure or attributable burden in the best-performing US states (improved high adult BMI and high fasting plasma glucose [FPG], improved smoking, and improved drug use [encompassing opioids, cocaine, amphetamine, and others]).
Life expectancy in the USA is projected to increase from 78·3 years (95% uncertainty interval 78·1–78·5) in 2022 to 79·9 years (79·5–80·2) in 2035, and to 80·4 years (79·8–81·0) in 2050 for all sexes combined. This increase is forecasted to be modest compared with that in other countries around the world, resulting in the USA declining in global rank over the 2022–50 forecasted period among the 204 countries and territories in GBD, from 49th to 66th. There is projected to be a decline in female life expectancy in West Virginia between 1990 and 2050, and little change in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Additionally, after 2023, we projected almost no change in female life expectancy in many states, notably in Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, Iowa, Maine, and Wisconsin. Female HALE is projected to decline between 1990 and 2050 in 20 states and to remain unchanged in three others. Drug use disorders and low back pain are projected to be the leading Level 3 causes of age-standardised DALYs in 2050. The age-standardised DALY rate due to drug use disorders is projected to increase considerably between 2022 and 2050 (19·5% [6·9–34·1]). Our combined risk elimination scenario shows that the USA could gain 3·8 additional years (3·6–4·0) of life expectancy and 4·1 additional years (3·9–4·3) of HALE in 2050 versus the reference scenario. Using our USA-specific scenarios, we forecasted that the USA could gain 0·4 additional years (0·3–0·6) of life expectancy and 0·6 additional years (0·5–0·8) of HALE in 2050 under the improved drug use scenario relative to the reference scenario. Life expectancy and HALE are likewise projected to be 0·4–0·5 years higher in 2050 under the improved adult BMI and FPG and improved smoking scenarios compared with the reference scenario. However, the increases in these scenarios would not substantially improve the USA's global ranking in 2050 (from 66th of 204 in life expectancy in the reference scenario to 63rd–64th in each of the three USA-specific scenarios), indicating that the USA's best-performing states are still lagging behind other countries in their rank throughout the forecasted period. Regardless, an estimated 12·4 million (11·3–13·5) deaths could be averted between 2022 and 2050 if the USA were to follow the combined scenario trajectory rather than the reference scenario. There would also be 1·4 million (0·7–2·2) fewer deaths over the 28-year forecasted period with improved adult BMI and FPG, 2·1 million (1·3–2·9) fewer deaths with improved exposure to smoking, and 1·2 million (0·9–1·5) fewer deaths with lower rates of drug use deaths.
Our findings highlight the alarming trajectory of health challenges in the USA, which, if left unaddressed, could lead to a reversal of the health progress made over the past three decades for some US states and a decline in global health standing for all states. The evidence from our alternative scenarios along with other published studies suggests that through collaborative, evidence-based strategies, there are opportunities to change the trajectory of health outcomes in the USA, such as by investing in scientific innovation, health-care access, preventive health care, risk exposure reduction, and education. Our forecasts clearly show that the time to act is now, as the future of the country's health and wellbeing—as well as its prosperity and leadership position in science and innovation—are at stake.
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities.
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- Title
- Burden of disease scenarios by state in the USA, 2022–50: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Creators
- Ali H Mokdad - University of WashingtonCatherine Bisignano - University of WashingtonJohnathan M Hsu - University of WashingtonDana Bryazka - University of WashingtonShujin Cao - University of WashingtonNatalia V Bhattacharjee - University of WashingtonBronte E Dalton - University of WashingtonPaulina A Lindstedt - University of WashingtonAmanda E Smith - University of WashingtonHazim S Ababneh - Massachusetts General HospitalRouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh - University of California, Los AngelesAtef Abdelkader - Ajman UniversityParsa Abdi - Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, CanadaOlugbenga Olusola Abiodun - Federal Medical Centre AbujaRichard Gyan Aboagye - University of Health and Allied SciencesHana J Abukhadijah - Hamad Medical CorporationAhmed Abu-Zaid - Alfaisal UniversityJuan Manuel Acuna - American University of AntiguaIsaac Yeboah Addo - The University of SydneyVictor Adekanmbi - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USATemitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa - University of Medical Sciences, OndoLeticia Akua Adzigbli - University of Health and Allied SciencesAanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi - Memphis Center For Reproductive HealthFatemeh Afrashteh - Iran University of Medical SciencesWilliams Agyemang-Duah - Queen's UniversityShahzaib Ahmad - Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, USAMohadese Ahmadzade - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesAli Ahmed - Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, PakistanAyman Ahmed - University of KhartoumSyed Anees Ahmed - East Carolina UniversityMohammed Ahmed Akkaif - Fudan UniversitySreelatha Akkala - Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USAAshley E Akrami - Midwestern State UniversitySalah Al Awaidy - Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, OmanSyed Mahfuz Al Hasan - Washington University in St. LouisOmar Al Ta'ani - Allegheny Health NetworkOmar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi - Sultan Qaboos UniversityFares Alahdab - University of MissouriYazan Al-Ajlouni - School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USAZiyad Al-Aly - Washington University in St. LouisManjurul Alam - George Mason UniversityWafa A Aldhaleei - Mayo ClinicAbdelazeem M Algammal - Suez Canal UniversityRobert Kaba Alhassan - University of Health and Allied SciencesMohammed Usman Ali - University of MaiduguriRafat Ali - Jamia Millia IslamiaWaad Ali - Sultan Qaboos UniversityAkram Al-Ibraheem - King Hussein Cancer CenterSami Almustanyir - Alfaisal UniversitySaleh A Alqahatni - Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaAhmad Alrawashdeh - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyRami H. Al-Rifai - United Arab Emirates UniversityMohammed A Alsabri - Sana'a UniversityNajim Z. Alshahrani - University of JeddahJaffar A Al-Tawfiq - Saudi Aramco Medical Services OrganizationMohammad Al-Wardat - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyHany Aly - Cleveland ClinicAlireza Amindarolzarbi - Johns Hopkins UniversitySohrab Amiri - Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesAbhishek Anil - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurAnayochukwu Edward Anyasodor - Charles Sturt UniversityJalal Arabloo - Iran University of Medical SciencesMosab Arafat - Al Ain UniversityAleksandr Y Aravkin - University of WashingtonAli Ardekani - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesDemelash Areda - Ottawa UniversityMona Asghariahmadabad - University of California, San FranciscoMartin Amogre Ayanore - University of Health and Allied SciencesSeyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSina Azadnajafabad - Washington University in St. LouisGulrez Shah Azhar - Consultant, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USAShahkaar Aziz - The University of Agriculture, PeshawarAhmed Y. Azzam - Albert Einstein College of MedicineGiridhara Rathnaiah Babu - Qatar UniversitySoroush Baghdadi - University of California, Los AngelesRazieh Bahreini - College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, USAAbdulaziz T Bako - Houston MethodistTill Winfried Bärnighausen - Heidelberg UniversityMohammad-Mahdi Bastan - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSanjay Basu - Harvard UniversityKavita Batra - University of Nevada, Las VegasRavi Batra - University of Nevada, Las VegasAmir Hossein Behnoush - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMaryam Bemanalizadeh - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesHabib Benzian - Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, USAAmiel Nazer C Bermudez - University of the Philippines ManilaRobert S Bernstein - Emory UniversityKebede A Beyene - University of Health Sciences and PharmacyAkshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula - North Dakota State UniversityNeeraj Bhala - University of NottinghamRavi Bharadwaj - University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolAshish Bhargava - Wayne State UniversitySonu Bhaskar - Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaVivek Bhat - Department of Internal Medicine, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, IndiaSoumitra S Bhuyan - University of New BrunswickAadam Olalekan Bodunrin - East Carolina UniversityChristopher Boxe - Howard UniversityEdward J Boyko - University of WashingtonDejana Braithwaite - Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USAMichael Brauer - University of British ColumbiaRaffaele Bugiardini - University of BolognaYasser Bustanji - University of JordanZahid A Butt - University of WaterlooFlorentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos - Harvard UniversityAngelo Capodici - Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliJoao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia - Universidade de São PauloFrancieli Cembranel - Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaEdina Cenko - University of BolognaEster Cerin - Australian Catholic UniversityJeffrey Shi Kai Chan - Cardio, Inc. 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Ray Dorsey - University of RochesterOjas Prakashbhai Doshi - Independent Consultant, South Plainfield, NJ, USAAbdel Douiri - King's College LondonRobert Kokou Dowou - University of Health and Allied SciencesJohn Dube - University of WindsorArkadiusz Marian Dziedzic - Medical University of SilesiaAbdel Rahman E'mar - Cleveland ClinicAlireza Ebrahimi - Massachusetts General HospitalJoshua R R Ehrlich - University of MichiganTemitope Cyrus Ekundayo - University of Medical Sciences, OndoIbrahim Farahat El Bayoumy - Tanta UniversityMuhammed Elhadi - University of TripoliYasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi - United Arab Emirates UniversityChadi Eltaha - Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USAFarshid Etaee - University of New HavenElochukwu Fortune Ezenwankwo - Drexel UniversityAdewale Oluwaseun Fadaka - Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterOmotayo Francis Fagbule - University of IbadanAyesha Fahim - Riphah International UniversityMahshid Fallahpour - Department of Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USATimur Fazylov - Kazakh National Medical UniversityValery L Feigin - Auckland University of TechnologyAlireza Feizkhah - Guilan University of Medical SciencesGinenus Fekadu - City University of Hong KongNuno Ferreira - University of NicosiaFlorian Fischer - Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinMuktar A Gadanya - Bayero University KanoBalasankar Ganesan - Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, AustraliaMohammad Arfat Ganiyani - Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, IndiaXiang Gao - Department of Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, ChinaMiglas Welay Gebregergis - Adigrat UniversityMesfin Gebrehiwot - Wollo UniversityEhsan Gholami - University of California, DavisAli Gholamrezanezhad - Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USAElena Ghotbi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSherief Ghozy - Mayo ClinicRichard F Gillum - Howard UniversityLaszlo Göbölös - Cleveland Clinic Abu DhabiMohamad Goldust - University of New HavenMahaveer Golechha - Indian Institute of Public Health GandhinagarMahdi Gouravani - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAyman Grada - Case Western Reserve UniversityAshna Grover - Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USAAvirup Guha - Case Western Reserve UniversityStefano Guicciardi - Department of the Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyRahul Gupta - Lehigh Valley Health NetworkRajat Das Gupta - University of South CarolinaParham Habibzadeh - University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterNils Haep - Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinAli Hajj Ali - American University of BeirutArvin Haj-Mirzaian - Massachusetts General HospitalZaim Anan Haq - University of ProvidenceAhmed I Hasaballah - Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptIkramul Hasan - University of DhakaMd. Kamrul Hasan - McMaster UniversityS. M. Mahmudul Hasan - World University of BangladeshHamidreza Hasani - Iran University of Medical SciencesMd Saquib Hasnain - Marwadi UniversityRasmus J Havmoeller - Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmö, SwedenSimon I Hay - University of WashingtonJiawei He - University of WashingtonJeffrey J Hebert - University of New BrunswickMehdi Hemmati - MedStar HealthYuta Hiraike - Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanNguyen Quoc Hoan - Hanoi Medical UniversityNobuyuki Horita - Yokohama City UniversityMehdi Hosseinzadeh - Duy Tan UniversitySorin Hostiuc - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyChengxi Hu - Tsinghua UniversityJunjie Huang - Chinese University of Hong KongKiavash Hushmandi - Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesM. Azhar Hussain - Department of Finance and Economics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesHong-Han Huynh - Taipei Medical UniversityPulwasha Maria Iftikhar - Health Policy and Management Department, City University of New York, New York, NY, USAAdalia Ikiroma - Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, ScotlandMd. Rabiul Islam - BRAC UniversitySheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam - Deakin UniversityAssefa N Iyasu - Aksum UniversityLouis Jacob - Université Paris CitéAmmar Abdulrahman Jairoun - Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSanobar Jaka - Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, NY, USAMihajlo Jakovljevic - UNESCOReza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh - Islamic Azad University, TehranSafayet Jamil - Daffodil International UniversityTahereh Javaheri - Boston UniversityBijay Mukesh Jeswani - GCS Medical CollegeRizwan Kalani - University of WashingtonSivesh Kathir Kamarajah - University of BirminghamArun Kamireddy - Johns Hopkins UniversityKehinde Kazeem Kanmodi - University of PuthisastraRami S Kantar - NYU Langone HealthIbraheem M Karaye - Hofstra UniversityAdarsh Katamreddy - Jacobi Medical CenterFoad Kazemi - Johns Hopkins UniversitySina Kazemian - Tehran University of Medical SciencesJohn H Kempen - Harvard UniversityFaham Khamesipour - Iran University of Medical SciencesAjmal Khan - University of NizwaFayaz Khan - King Abdulaziz UniversityMohammad Jobair Khan - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShaghayegh Khanmohammadi - Non-Communicable Diseases Research CenterKhaled Khatab - Sheffield Hallam UniversityMoawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh - Yarmouk UniversityMohammad Khorgamphar - University of California, Los AngelesMoein Khormali - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAtulya Aman Khosla - Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USAMajid Khosravi - Department of Health Management and Economics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IranGrace Kim - Case Western Reserve UniversityMin Seo Kim - Broad InstituteRuth W Kimokoti - Millennium Engineering and Integration (United States)Adnan Kisa - Høyskolen KristianiaSonali Kochhar - University of WashingtonGerbrand Koren - Utrecht UniversityVijay Krishnamoorthy - Duke UniversityMd Abdul Kuddus - University of RajshahiMukhtar Kulimbet - Kazakh National Medical UniversityVishnutheertha Kulkarni - Queensland HealthAshish Kumar - Mayo ClinicRakesh Kumar - University of Ha'ilVijay Kumar - Geospatial Information Science and Engineering Hub, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, IndiaSatyajit Kundu - Griffith UniversityOm P Kurmi - Coventry UniversityEvans F Kyei - University of Massachusetts BostonQing Lan - Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsVan Charles Lansingh - Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USAHuu-Hoai Le - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityNhi Huu Hanh Le - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityThao Thi Thu Le - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityJanet L Leasher - University of Fort LauderdaleMunjae Lee - Ajou UniversityWei-Chen Lee - Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USAWei Li - University of New HavenStephen S Lim - University of WashingtonJialing Lin - UNSW SydneyGang Liu - University of Technology SydneyRichard T Liu - Massachusetts General HospitalXuefeng Liu - Cleveland ClinicJosé Francisco López-Gil - Universidad de las AméricasPlaton D Lopukhov - Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, RussiaGiancarlo Lucchetti - föra forest technologies (Spain)Raimundas Lunevicius - Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLei Lv - Novo Holdings (Denmark)Doha W S Maaty - University of ProvidenceSandeep B Maharaj - School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and TobagoElham Mahmoudi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesOmar M Makram - Augusta UniversityElaheh Malakan Rad - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSatyaveni Malasala - University of South CarolinaYosef Manla - Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterVahid Mansouri - Tehran University of Medical SciencesEmmanuel Manu - University of Health and Allied SciencesRamon Martinez-Piedra - World Health Organization Regional Office for the AmericasRoy Rillera Marzo - Curtin University SarawakYasith Mathangasinghe - Monash UniversityMedha Mathur - Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, Udaipur, IndiaFernanda Penido Matozinhos - Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilMahsa Mayeli - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSteven M McPhail - Queensland University of TechnologyRishi P Mediratta - Stanford UniversityTesfahun Mekene Meto - Arba Minch UniversityHadush Negash Meles - Adigrat UniversityEndalkachew Belayneh Melese - University of GondarSultan Ayoub Meo - King Saud UniversityTomislav Mestrovic - University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, CroatiaPouya Metanat - University of California, San FranciscoLaurette Mhlanga - Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USAIrmina Maria Michalek - The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of OncologyTed R Miller - Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USAG K Mini - Saveetha UniversityMojde Mirarefin - County of Cook, Office of The Medical Examiner, Chicago, NV, USAMadeline E Moberg - University of WashingtonJama Mohamed - University of HargeisaNouh Saad Mohamed - SiriusAmeen Mosa Mohammad - University of DuhokAbdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesIbrahim Mohammadzadeh - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesShafiu Mohammed - Ahmadu Bello UniversityHossein Molavi Vardanjani - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesMohammad Ali Moni - Charles Sturt UniversityPaula Moraga - King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyShane Douglas Morrison - University of Washington Medical CenterRohith Motappa - Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, IndiaYanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan - Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanEfren Murillo-Zamora - Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, MexicoAhmad Mustafa - Northwell HealthAyoub Nafei - Elderly Health Research CenterPirouz Naghavi - University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignGurudatta Naik - University of Alabama at BirminghamMohammad Sadeq Najafi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesDhairya P Nanavaty - Brooklyn Hospital CenterKannothu Thazha Kuni Nandu - D.Y. Patil UniversityGustavo G Nascimento - Duke-NUS Medical SchoolAbdallah Y Naser - Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, JordanAbdulqadir J Nashwan - Hamad Medical CorporationZuhair S Natto - King Abdulaziz UniversitySabina Onyinye Nduaguba - West Virginia UniversityDuc Hoang Nguyen - Cardiovascular Laboratory, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, USAPhat Tuan Nguyen - Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, VietnamQuynhAnh P Nguyen - University of WashingtonVan Thanh Nguyen - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityNasrin Nikravangolsefid - Mayo ClinicVikram Niranjan - Department of Public Health, HSE Ireland, Dublin, IrelandSyed Toukir Ahmed Noor - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchFred Nugen - Mayo ClinicJerry John Nutor - University of California, San FranciscoOgochukwu Janet Nzoputam - Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, NigeriaBogdan Oancea - University of BucharestMichael Safo Oduro - PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USAOluwaseun Adeolu Ogundijo - University of IbadanRopo Ebenezer Ogunsakin - University of PretoriaTolulope R Ojo-Akosile - Emory UniversitySylvester Reuben Okeke - Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaOsaretin Christabel Okonji - University of the Western CapeAndrew T Olagunju - McMaster UniversityAbdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba - Ahmadu Bello UniversityIsaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa - Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, NigeriaYinka Doris Oluwafemi - University of Medical Sciences, OndoHany A Omar - University of SharjahAbdulahi Opejin - East Carolina UniversitySamuel M Ostroff - University of WashingtonMayowa O Owolabi - University of IbadanAhmad Ozair - Johns Hopkins UniversityMahesh Padukudru P A - JSS Academy of Higher Education and ResearchSujogya Kumar Panda - Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, IndiaSeithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal - Chandigarh UniversityRomil R Parikh - University of MinnesotaSungchul Park - University of SeoulAva Pashaei - University of British ColumbiaPalak Patel - Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, USAShankargouda Patil - Roseman University of Health SciencesShrikant Pawar - University of New HavenEmmanuel K Peprah - School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USAGavin Pereira - Curtin UniversityHoang Nhat Pham - University of ArizonaAnil K Philip - University of NizwaMichael R Phillips - Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityManon Pigeolet - Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USAMaarten J Postma - University Medical Center GroningenReza Pourbabaki - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesDisha Prabhu - Independent Consultant, San Diego, CA, USAJalandhar Pradhan - National Institute of Technology RourkelaPranil Man Singh Pradhan - Tribhuvan UniversityJagadeesh Puvvula - University of PennsylvaniaQuinn Rafferty - 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Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, IndiaElrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan - King Abdulaziz UniversityTaeho Gregory Rhee - University of ConnecticutJefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, ColombiaDavid Rojas-Rueda - Colorado State UniversityHimanshu Sekhar Rout - Utkal UniversityPriyanka Roy - Government of West BengalTilleye Runghien - University of OxfordAly M A Saad - Zagazig UniversityCameron John Sabet - Georgetown UniversityUmar Saeed - Foundation University IslamabadMehdi Safari - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDominic Sagoe - University of BergenMd Refat Uz Zaman Sajib - University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignMohamed A Saleh - University of SharjahGiovanni A Salum - Child Mind InstituteVijaya Paul Samuel - Ras al-Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences UniversityAbdallah M Samy - Ain Shams UniversityJuan Sanabria - Marshall UniversityAswini Saravanan - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurBabak Saravi - University of FreiburgMaheswar Satpathy - Utkal UniversityMonika Sawhney - University of North Carolina at CharlotteMarkus P Schlaich - Dobney Hypertension Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaArt Schuermans - Massachusetts General HospitalAustin E Schumacher - University of WashingtonDavid C Schwebel - University of Alabama at BirminghamSiddharthan Selvaraj - University of MalayaAllen Seylani - National Heart Lung and Blood InstituteMahan Shafie - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAtaollah Shahbandi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesHamid R. Shahsavari - Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic SciencesMasood Ali Shaikh - Independent Consultant, Karachi, PakistanMuhammad Aaqib Shamim - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurMedha Sharath - Bangalore Medical College and Research InstituteNigussie Tadesse Sharew - Debre Berhan UniversityAmin Sharifan - Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, AustriaAnupam Sharma - Department of Hemato-oncology, Fortis Hospital, Noida, IndiaManoj Sharma - University of Nevada, Las VegasMaryam Shayan - Harvard UniversityAziz Sheikh - University of EdinburghJiabin Shen - University of Massachusetts LowellSamendra P Sherchan - Morgan State UniversityMahabalesh Shetty - Nitte UniversityPavanchand H Shetty - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationPremalatha K Shetty - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationMika Shigematsu - National Institute of Infectious DiseasesAminu Shittu - Usmanu Danfodiyo UniversityVelizar Shivarov - Medical University PlevenSina Shool - Iran University of Medical SciencesKerem Shuval - Cooper InstituteEmmanuel Edwar Siddig - University of KhartoumJasvinder A Singh - Baylor College of MedicineSurjit Singh - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurDavid A Sleet - Division of Injury Prevention, The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, GA, USAGeorgia Smith - University of WashingtonShipra Solanki - American University of Integrative SciencesSameh S M Soliman - University of SharjahLauryn K Stafford - University of WashingtonJeffrey D Stanaway - University of WashingtonKurt Straif - Boston CollegeSahabi K Sulaiman - Yobe State UniversityJing Sun - Charles Sturt UniversityChandan Kumar Swain - Utkal UniversityLukasz Szarpak - John Paul II Catholic University of LublinMindy D Szeto - Northwestern UniversitySeyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesCeline Tabche - Imperial College LondonJyothi Tadakamadla - La Trobe UniversityJabeen Taiba - University of Nebraska Medical CenterNathan Y Tat - Rice UniversityMohamad-Hani Temsah - King Saud UniversityMasayuki Teramoto - Roskilde UniversitySathish Thirunavukkarasu - Emory UniversityMarcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - Saveetha UniversityKhai Hoan Tram - University of WashingtonJasmine T Tran - Indiana University IndianapolisNgoc Ha Tran - University of Technology SydneyThang Huu Tran - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityDomenico Trico - University of PisaSamuel Joseph Tromans - University of LeicesterThien Tan Tri Tai Truyen - Nam Can Tho UniversityMunkhtuya Tumurkhuu - Wake Forest UniversityArit Udoh - University of ExeterSaeed Ullah - University of KarachiSanaz Vahdati - Mayo ClinicAsokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan - University of BahrainOmid Vakili - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesJef Van den Eynde - Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDominique Vervoort - Johns Hopkins UniversityManish Vinayak - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiKosala Gayan Weerakoon - Rajarata University of Sri LankaMelissa Y Wei - University of California, Los AngelesNuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe - Rajarata University of Sri LankaAsrat Arja Wolde - Ethiopian Public Health InstituteChenkai Wu - Duke Kunshan UniversityFelicia Wu - Michigan State UniversityHong Xiao - Zhejiang UniversitySuowen Xu - Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, ChinaYuichiro Yano - Juntendo UniversityYuichi Yasufuku - The University of OsakaArzu Yiğit - Süleyman Demirel ÜniversitesiDong Keon Yon - Kyung Hee UniversityMustafa Z Younis - Jackson State UniversityChuanhua Yu - Wuhan UniversityChun-Wei Yuan - University of WashingtonMondal Hasan Zahid - Biology & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USAIman Zare - Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, IranMohammed G M Zeariya - University of Ha'ilHaijun Zhang - Peking UniversityZhiqiang Zhang - Tianjin Medical University General HospitalRuiyuan Zheng - University of JinanClaire Chenwen Zhong - Chinese University of Hong KongBin Zhu - School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, ChinaAbzal Zhumagaliuly - Kazakh National Medical UniversityHafsa Zia - University of WashingtonMagdalena Zielińska - Medical University of WarsawSa'ed H Zyoud - An-Najah National UniversityStein Emil Vollset - University of WashingtonChristopher J L Murray - University of WashingtonGBD 2021 US Burden of Disease and Forecasting Collaborators
- Publication Details
- The Lancet (British edition), v 404(10469), pp 2341-2370
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Number of pages
- 30
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Health Management and Policy
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001381480400001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-85210667166
- Other Identifier
- 991022202513304721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Medicine, General & Internal