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CCAAT enhancer binding protein and nuclear factor of activated T cells regulate HIV-1 LTR via a novel conserved downstream site in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage
Journal article   Open access

CCAAT enhancer binding protein and nuclear factor of activated T cells regulate HIV-1 LTR via a novel conserved downstream site in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage

Satinder Dahiya, Yujie Liu, Michael R Nonnemacher, Will Dampier and Brian Wigdahl
PloS one, v 9(2), pp e88116-e88116
2014
PMID: 24551078
url
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088116View
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Abstract

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins - metabolism Cell Line Conserved Sequence - genetics Protein Binding - genetics Monocytes - cytology Humans NFATC Transcription Factors - metabolism HIV Long Terminal Repeat - genetics Molecular Sequence Data Monocytes - metabolism Macrophages - cytology HIV-1 - genetics Cell Lineage Macrophages - metabolism Protein Isoforms - metabolism Base Sequence Transcription Initiation Site Transcription, Genetic Binding Sites
Transcriptional control of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promoter, the long terminal repeat (LTR), is achieved by interactions with cis-acting elements present both upstream and downstream of the start site. In silico transcription factor binding analysis of the HIV-1 subtype B LTR sequences revealed a potential downstream CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) binding site. This binding site (+158 to+172), designated DS3, was found to be conserved in 67% of 3,858 unique subtype B LTR sequences analyzed in terms of nucleotide sequence as well as physical location in the LTR. DS3 was found to be well represented in other subtypes as well. Interestingly, DS3 overlaps with a previously identified region that bind members of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of proteins. NFATc2 exhibited a higher relative affinity for DS3 as compared with members of the C/EBP family (C/EBP α and β). DS3 was able to compete efficiently with the low-affinity upstream C/EBP binding site I with respect to C/EBP binding, suggesting utilization of both NFAT and C/EBP. Moreover, cyclosporine A treatment, which has been shown to prevent dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NFAT isoforms, resulted in enhanced C/EBPα binding. The interactions at DS3 were also validated in an integrated HIV-1 LTR in chronically infected U1 cells. A binding knockout of DS3 demonstrated reduced HIV-1 LTR-directed transcription under both basal and interleukin-6-stimulated conditions only in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage cells and not in cells of T-cell origin. Thus, the events at DS3 positively regulate the HIV-1 promoter in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.

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Web of Science research areas
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
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