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Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses

Tania Mulherkar, Daniel Gómez, Grace Sandel and Pooja Jain
Viruses, v 14(9), p2037
01 Jan 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092037
Featured in Collection :   UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
url
https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092037View
Published, Version of Record (VoR)CC BY V4.0,  Open

Abstract

Adult T cell leukemia Antigens Apoptosis Biofilms Cancer CD4 antigen Central nervous system diseases Chemokines Cognition Cognitive ability Cytotoxicity DC-SIGN protein Dendritic cells Epstein-Barr virus Hepatitis Hepatitis B HIV Host-pathogen interactions Human immunodeficiency virus Human papillomavirus Immune system Immunological synapses Infections Inflammation Lymphatic system Lymphocytes Lymphocytes T Lymphoma Motor task performance Neurodegeneration Neurodegenerative diseases Neuropathogenesis Neurovirulence Neutrophils Pathogens Proteins Spastic paraparesis Spinal cord Synaptogenesis Tumor necrosis factor-TNF Viral infections Viruses
Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.

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22 citations in Web of Science
19 citations in Scopus

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

This publication has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:

#3 Good Health and Well-Being

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Collaboration types
Domestic collaboration
Web of Science research areas
Virology
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