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Concurrent Viral Transmission and Wildfire Smoke Events Following COVID-19 Pandemic School Closures in New York City: Associations of a Large Natural Experiment With Acute Care for Pediatric Asthma, 2018-2023
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Concurrent Viral Transmission and Wildfire Smoke Events Following COVID-19 Pandemic School Closures in New York City: Associations of a Large Natural Experiment With Acute Care for Pediatric Asthma, 2018-2023

Sarah McCuskee, Rishi Kowalski, Cindy Mei, Alexis Zebrowski, Aman Patel, Lauren Zajac, Hashem Zikry, Ali Ayyash and Nicholas DeFelice
Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open, v 7(1), 100273
01 Feb 2026
PMID: 41333709
url
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acepjo.2025.100273View
Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemic environmental exposures respiratory viruses wildfire smoke Asthma Pediatrics
Pediatric asthma is multifactorial: social, environmental, and infectious exposures trigger exacerbations. School COVID-19 policies, including closures, mask mandates, and reopenings, provide a natural experiment to discover associations between the severity of pediatric asthma exacerbations, viral transmission, and exposure to wildfire smoke. We investigated the epidemiology of acute unscheduled care for asthma in children aged 5 to 17 years, including emergency department (ED) visits, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and viral testing. This observational study used a retrospective review of all electronic health records from New York City’s largest health system over 5 school years, from 2018 to 2023. Comparison groups included citywide surveillance data and all-cause visits. We investigated population-level exposures, including COVID-19 mitigation policies and wildfire smoke events. In the postpandemic period, fewer children presented to the ED for asthma (P < .0001); however, more children required hospital or ICU admission (P < .001). Viral testing was employed more frequently and was more often positive in the postpandemic period (P < .0001). Rhinovirus was positive in a greater proportion of pediatric asthma visits than in all-cause adult or pediatric visits (P = .02). After mask mandates ended in early 2022, pediatric asthma visits peaked during the return-to-school fall period, slightly preceding the winter 2022 viral illness peak. Wildfire smoke events were not associated with pediatric asthma visits. Viral transmission and school policies were associated with pediatric asthma exacerbations during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased acuity, despite lower volumes, may help guide health systems as they strive to increase readiness to care for pediatric populations in response to future pandemics or environmental exposures.

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

This publication has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:

#11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
#3 Good Health and Well-Being

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Collaboration types
Domestic collaboration
Web of Science research areas
Emergency Medicine
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