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Journal article
Development of parallel forms of a brief smell identification test useful for longitudinal testing
Behavior research methods, v 56(3), pp 1449-1458
01 Mar 2024
PMID: 36964286
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
Although there are numerous brief odor identification tests available for quantifying the ability to smell, none are available in multiple parallel forms that can be longitudinally administered without potential confounding from knowledge of prior test items. Moreover, empirical algorithms for establishing optimal test lengths have not been generally applied. In this study, we employed and compared eight machine learning algorithms to develop a set of four brief parallel smell tests employing items from the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test that optimally differentiated 100 COVID-19 patients from 132 healthy controls. Among the algorithms, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) achieved the best overall performance. The minimum number of odorant test items needed to differentiate smell loss accurately was identified as eight. We validated the sensitivity of the four developed tests, whose means and variances did not differ from one another (Bradley-Blackwood test), by sequential testing an independent group of 32 subjects that included persons with smell dysfunction not due to COVID-19. These eight-item tests clearly differentiated the olfactory compromised subjects from normosmics, with areas under the ROC curve ranging from 0.79 to 0.83. Each test was correlated with the overall UPSIT scores from which they were derived. These brief smell tests can be used separately or sequentially over multiple days in a variety of contexts where longitudinal olfactory testing is needed.
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Details
- Title
- Development of parallel forms of a brief smell identification test useful for longitudinal testing
- Creators
- Shima T Moein - Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaAhmet Sacan - Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health SystemsKambiz Pourrezaei - Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health SystemsCarol H Yan - University of California, San DiegoJustin H Turner - Vanderbilt University Medical CenterRyan Sharetts - Sensonics InternationalRichard L Doty - Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
- Publication Details
- Behavior research methods, v 56(3), pp 1449-1458
- Number of pages
- 10
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems; College of Engineering
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000955872100001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-85150633111
- Other Identifier
- 991021860618704721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Psychology, Experimental
- Psychology, Mathematical