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Direct writing of PVBVA/Ti3C2 Tx (MXene) triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and sensing applications
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Direct writing of PVBVA/Ti3C2 Tx (MXene) triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and sensing applications

Ajay Pratap, Fereshteh Rajabi Kouchi, Hailey Burgoyne, Michael Curtis, Attila Rektor, Myeong-Lok Seol, Naqsh E. Mansoor, Tony Valayil Varghese, Josh Eixenberger, Corey M. Efaw, …
Nano energy, v 142(A), 111206
01 Sep 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing MXene PVBVA Triboelectric nanogenerator
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained recognition for their potential to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, making them attractive for applications in healthcare, robotics, and human-device interfaces. However, many TENG devices rely on fluorinated polymers for high charge generation and involve complex fabrication processes, which limit their practicality and environmental sustainability. Here, we developed an eco-friendly composite of poly (vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (PVBVA) and Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene for extrusion printing onto aluminum foil substrates, enabling the additive manufacturing of TENGs. Experimental results indicate that integrating 5.5 mg mL-1 of MXene (P-MX 5.5) into PVBVA resulted in a power density of 760 mW·m⁻², with simultaneous improvements in open-circuit voltage (129 %) and short-circuit current (250 %), demonstrating enhanced charge transfer efficiency. Beyond aluminum foil-based devices, we further explored the fully printed P-MX 5.5 TENG by utilizing silver ink electrodes, eliminating the need for aluminum foil. This fully printed, flexible TENG was successfully used for real-time human motion sensing, demonstrating its ability to detect activities such as walking, running, knee bending, and jumping. Collectively, our additively manufactured and sustainable PVBVA-MXene TENG composites, including both aluminum-based and fully printed versions, show promise for future energy harvesters, sensors, wearable electronics, healthcare, and robotic applications. [Display omitted] •PVBVA-MXene inks were developed for scalable extrusion printing.•Printed PVBVA-MXene TENGs achieved 252 V output and 760 mW·m⁻² power density.•PVBVA-MXene composite offers high polarizability and energy storage potential over 10 K bending cycles.•Demonstrated TENG energy harvesting from human motion and water drop impacts.

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#7 Affordable and Clean Energy

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Collaboration types
Domestic collaboration
Web of Science research areas
Chemistry, Physical
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Physics, Applied
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