Journal article
Divergence excess and basic exotropia types of intermittent exotropia: a major review. Part 2: non-surgical and surgical treatment options
Strabismus, v 32(3), pp 159-194
02 Jul 2024
PMID: 38944823
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
IntroductionCurrently, there is no consensus regarding the management of intermittent exotropia (IXT), which includes both surgical and non-surgical treatment options. Nonsurgical management of IXT has been suggested and includes watchful observation, patching, overminus lenses, prism, and vision therapy/orthoptics. While a significant portion of IXT patients are treated by surgery, it is reported that there is a substantial tendency for reoperation or recurrence of IXT. This paper provides a comprehensive review of non-surgical and surgical treatment options for the IXT.MethodsSearch strategies involving combination of keywords including intermittent exotropia, divergence excess, basic exotropia, refractive error, glasses, spectacles, natural history, untreated, observe, occlusion, patch, overminus, overcorrecting minus, prism, vision therapy, orthoptic, anti-suppression, fusion exercise, and surgery were used in Medline. All English articles from 01/01/1900 to 01/09/2020 were reviewed. The reference list of the identified articles was also checked for additional relevant articles. Studies focused on animal models or strabismus associated with neurologic disorders or injury were excluded. The following filters were used for surgical management due to the abundance of reports: full text, randomized controlled trial, review, in the last 5 years.ResultsAppropriate optical correction of refractive error is generally the starting point for all management approaches, but there is a lack of randomized clinical trial data regarding this treatment modality. Randomized clinical trial data indicate that both observation and occlusion are reasonable management options for children 3-10 years old, and there were insufficient data to recommend occlusion for children 12-35 months old. While overminus lenses were found to improve the control of IXT when assessed wearing overminus spectacles, this improvement did not persist after the treatment ended. The result of the only randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of base-in prism indicated that this treatment is no more effective than nonprism spectacles for improving control. A recent randomized clinical trial showed that vision therapy/orthoptics is effective in improving the control of IXT when compared to observation alone. Surgery was found to alter a number of clinical characteristics of IXT, including reducing the distance and near angle of deviation, reducing photophobia, improving health-related quality of life, stereopsis, and the Newcastle Control Score. However, there are no randomized clinical trial data comparing surgery with a control group such as placebo or a no treatment observation group.DiscussionRigorously designed clinical trials to investigate the effectiveness of non-surgical and surgical treatments for intermittent exotropia are needed.
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Details
- Title
- Divergence excess and basic exotropia types of intermittent exotropia: a major review. Part 2: non-surgical and surgical treatment options
- Creators
- Martin Ming-Leung Ma - Sun Yat-sen UniversityMitchell Scheiman - Salus University
- Publication Details
- Strabismus, v 32(3), pp 159-194
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- Number of pages
- 36
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry (PCO)
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001258153700001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-85197418578
- Other Identifier
- 991021901814304721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- International collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Ophthalmology