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Journal article
Early-forming Massive Stars Suppress Star Formation and Hierarchical Cluster Assembly
The Astrophysical journal, v 944(2), 211
01 Feb 2023
Abstract
Feedback from massive stars plays an important role in the formation of star clusters. Whether a very massive star is born early or late in the cluster formation timeline has profound implications for the star cluster formation and assembly processes. We carry out a controlled experiment to characterize the effects of early-forming massive stars on star cluster formation. We use the star formation software suite Torch, combining self-gravitating magnetohydrodynamics, ray-tracing radiative transfer, N-body dynamics, and stellar feedback, to model four initially identical 10(4) M (circle dot) giant molecular clouds with a Gaussian density profile peaking at 521.5 cm(-3). Using the Torch software suite through the AMUSE framework, we modify three of the models, to ensure that the first star that forms is very massive (50, 70, and 100 M (circle dot)). Early-forming massive stars disrupt the natal gas structure, resulting in fast evacuation of the gas from the star-forming region. The star formation rate is suppressed, reducing the total mass of the stars formed. Our fiducial control model, without an early massive star, has a larger star formation rate and total efficiency by up to a factor of 3, and a higher average star formation efficiency per freefall time by up to a factor of 7. Early-forming massive stars promote the buildup of spatially separate and gravitationally unbound subclusters, while the control model forms a single massive cluster.
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Details
- Title
- Early-forming Massive Stars Suppress Star Formation and Hierarchical Cluster Assembly
- Creators
- Sean C. Lewis - Drexel University, PhysicsStephen L. W. McMillan - Drexel University, PhysicsMordecai-Mark Mac Low - Drexel University, PhysicsClaude Cournoyer-Cloutier - McMaster UniversityBrooke Polak - Heidelberg UniversityMartijn J. C. Wilhelm - Leiden UniversityAaron Tran - Columbia UniversityAlison Sills - McMaster UniversitySimon Portegies Zwart - Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, NetherlandsRalf S. Klessen - Heidelberg UniversityJoshua E. Wall - Drexel University, Physics
- Publication Details
- The Astrophysical journal, v 944(2), 211
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing Ltd
- Number of pages
- 13
- Grant note
- 50OO2206 / German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, in the project MAINN 855130 / European Research Council via the ERC Synergy Grant ECOGAL; European Research Council (ERC) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); CGIAR Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg (MWK) INST 35/1314-1 FUGG; INST 35/1503-1 FUGG / DFG; German Research Foundation (DFG) Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (QEII-GSST) pr74nu / Leibniz Computing Center (LRZ) AST18-14772; AST18-15461 / NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) 10.2.5.12 / NOVA EXC 2181-390900948; SFB 881; 138713538 / Heidelberg Cluster of Excellence STRUCTURES - German Excellence Strategy, from the German Research Foundation (DFG); German Research Foundation (DFG)
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000940245800001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-85149482558
- Other Identifier
- 991021860718304721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- International collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Astronomy & Astrophysics