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Journal article
Effects of Etching and Delamination on Biocompatibility of Ti-Based MXenes
ACS applied materials & interfaces, v 17(34), pp 47919-47937
18 Aug 2025
PMID: 40825140
Featured in Collection : Research Supported by Drexel Libraries' OA Programs
Abstract
MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as promising candidates for biomedical applications due to their electrical conductivity, photothermal response, and rich surface chemistry. However, their biocompatibility is highly sensitive to synthesis conditions, particularly etching and delamination strategies. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of different synthesis routes─using acidic (concentrated or diluted HF/HCl) etching and Li
versus Na
intercalation─on the surface chemistry, structural integrity, and biological behavior of Ti
C
T
and its carbonitride analog Ti
C
N
T
. Detailed physicochemical characterization revealed that water-assisted etching and Na
intercalation enhanced hydroxylation and reduced fluorine terminations. Biological assays using human keratinocytes (HaCaT) demonstrated that Ti
C
N
T
exhibited superior biocompatibility compared to Ti
C
T
, with lower cytotoxicity, diminished ROS generation, minimal inflammatory signaling (IL-6 and IL-8 interleukins), and preserved wound healing capacity. Among Ti
C
T
variants, the combination of diluted etchant and Na
intercalation significantly improved biological tolerance, minimizing apoptosis and oxidative stress. These findings underscore the critical role of surface chemistry in MXene-cell interactions and offer a practical guide to engineering safer MXenes for biomedical use.
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Details
- Title
- Effects of Etching and Delamination on Biocompatibility of Ti-Based MXenes
- Creators
- Kateryna Diedkova - Sumy State UniversityIryna Roslyk - Drexel University, Materials Science and EngineeringNikola Kanas - University of Novi SadLita Grine - University of LatviaVolodymyr Deineka - University of LatviaAgata Blacha-Grzechnik - Silesian University of TechnologyMartins Boroduskis - University of LatviaIgor Iatsunskyi - Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańBłażej Anastaziak - Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańAnastasia Konieva - Sumy State UniversityPavlo Shubin - Sumy State UniversityWojciech Simka - Silesian University of TechnologyMarks Truhins - University of LatviaOksana Sulaieva - Medical Laboratory CSD, 45 Vasylkivska St, Kyiv 02000, UkraineIlya Yanko - Sumy State UniversityVeronika Zahorodna - Drexel University, Materials Science and EngineeringGoran Stojanovic - University of Novi SadOleksiy Gogotsi - Sumy State UniversityYury Gogotsi (Corresponding Author) - Drexel University, Materials Science and EngineeringMaksym Pogorielov - Sumy State University
- Publication Details
- ACS applied materials & interfaces, v 17(34), pp 47919-47937
- Publisher
- ACS Publications
- Number of pages
- 19
- Grant note
This research was supported by Horizon Europe MSCA-2021-SE-01 projects MX-MAP (#101086184) and ESCULAPE (#101131147). K.D. acknowledges the financial support from "Latvian Postdoctoral" research project (No 1.1.1.9/LZP/1/24/142). M.P. acknowledges the financial support from Era4Health project TERMEX. V.D. acknowledges the financial support from MSCA4Ukraine project (#1232462) and LRC Project (#lzp 2024/1-0135). I.I. acknowledges the partial financial support from NCN SONATA-BIS project (UMO-2020/38/E/ST5/00176).
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001552032900001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105014336984
- Other Identifier
- 991022083455804721