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Ejection Fraction in the Fast Lane
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Ejection Fraction in the Fast Lane

Peter L. M. Kerkhof, Rienzi A. Diaz-Navarro and Neal Handly
Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.), v 43(8), e70584
01 Aug 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.70584
PMID: 42554017
Featured in Collection :   Drexel's Newest Publications

Abstract

ejection fraction end-systolic volume first-phase ejection fraction ratiology volume regulation graph
Ventricular performance is typically evaluated on the basis of primary measurements such as pressure, volume and flow. Representative recordings obtained from a healthy, chronically instrumented conscious dog can be employed to define various metrics, for example, the traditional holosystolic ejection fraction (EF). The metric EF is defined as 1 minus end‐systolic volume (ESV) divided by end‐diastolic volume (EDV). An alternative proposed 45 years ago refers to the first‐third of EF (⅓EF), which is not (always) identical to first‐phase EF1, launched several decades later. All these candidates refer to dimensionless ratios, and are therefore incomplete. Based on the early events during ejection time (ET), Kerkhof‐Diaz‐Handly (KDH) propose a more powerful metric which has the advantage of carrying physical units. The diastolic phase (TD) is the most variable portion of the cardiac cycle. ECG = electrocardiogram; LVD = left ventricular (equatorial) diameter; Paorta = ascending aorta pressure; Qaorta = ascending aorta flow.

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