Electrochemical sensors for in situ monitoring of reactive species during cold atmospheric plasma-based therapies

Jonathan E Thomas; Suneel Kumar; Gagana Karkada; Julia Sutter; Kristina Pattison; Jason Rainone; Dhruv Patel; Shashank Madhavan; Fred C Krebs; Francois Berthiaume; Vandana Miller; Katharina Stapelmann

doi:10.1038/s44172-025-00560-w

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Electrochemical sensors for in situ monitoring of reactive species during cold atmospheric plasma-based therapies

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Electrochemical sensors for in situ monitoring of reactive species during cold atmospheric plasma-based therapies

Jonathan E Thomas, Suneel Kumar, Gagana Karkada, Julia Sutter, Kristina Pattison, Jason Rainone, Dhruv Patel, Shashank Madhavan, Fred C Krebs, Francois Berthiaume, …

Communications engineering, v 5(1), 6

09 Dec 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-025-00560-w

PMID: 41361004

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Abstract

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) is emerging as a clinically relevant therapy for dermatological conditions such as actinic keratosis, warts, and chronic wounds. However, these therapies lack strategies to monitor CAP delivery in situ and to ensure delivery of an effective CAP dose without unwanted toxicity. CAP acts as a therapeutic agent in these biomedical applications primarily (but not solely) through reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated at transiently high local concentrations. Here we demonstrate the use of bio-electrochemical sensors capable of real-time measurements of key CAP RONS: hydrogen peroxide and oxidation-reduction-potential (ORP). In in vitro scratch assays and in vivo murine wound models, we used these sensors to establish dose-response relationships that link CAP exposure with wound (scratch) closure dynamics, cell proliferation, oxidative stress response, and scar reduction. Our results demonstrate that CAP treatment can be continuously monitored and actively controlled in situ, providing a framework for precision plasma medicine and safer, more effective clinical translation of CAP.

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Title: Electrochemical sensors for in situ monitoring of reactive species during cold atmospheric plasma-based therapies
Creators: Jonathan E Thomas - North Carolina State University
Suneel Kumar - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Gagana Karkada - Drexel University
Julia Sutter - Drexel University
Kristina Pattison - North Carolina State University
Jason Rainone - North Carolina State University
Dhruv Patel - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Shashank Madhavan - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Fred C Krebs - Drexel University
Francois Berthiaume - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Vandana Miller - Drexel University
Katharina Stapelmann - North Carolina State University
Publication Details: Communications engineering, v 5(1), 6
Publisher: SPRINGERNATURE; LONDON
Number of pages: 16
Grant note: R01EB029705 / U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)
Resource Type: Journal article
Language: English
Academic Unit: Microbiology and Immunology
Web of Science ID: WOS:001654524600001
Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105026764670
Other Identifier: 991022146587004721

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Collaboration types: Domestic collaboration
Web of Science research areas: Engineering, Multidisciplinary