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Evaluating Natural Ventilation in Historic Buildings across US Climates Using CFD for Future Scenarios
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Evaluating Natural Ventilation in Historic Buildings across US Climates Using CFD for Future Scenarios

Ezgi Bay-Sahin, Carlos Faubel, Layla Iskandar and Antonio Martinez-Molina
Journal of architectural engineering, v 31(4), 05025005
01 Dec 2025

Abstract

Adaptation Air flow Climate change Coastal zone Computational fluid dynamics Cooling Historic buildings & sites Historical buildings Thermal comfort Ventilation Weather
As climate change continues to affect building performance, it is essential to evaluate the long-term viability of passive strategies, particularly in historic buildings. This study explores the current and future feasibility of using natural ventilation as a passive cooling strategy in historic buildings across seven US locations, each representing distinct ASHRAE climate zones. By employing a novel approach that integrates three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and energy modeling, the research investigates the impact of natural ventilation on indoor environmental conditions under present weather conditions and projected climates for 2050 and 2080. A total of 42 computational models were executed for a church listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in San Antonio. The models were validated with real-world data, ensuring both their reliability and the accuracy of the simulated results. The findings indicate that coastal areas with warm climates benefit the most from natural ventilation. However, rising outdoor temperatures in future scenarios will significantly reduce the effectiveness of natural ventilation, resulting in elevated indoor temperatures in all climate zones. As climates warm, the dependency on natural ventilation for thermal comfort will become increasingly challenging, particularly during peak heat periods. While increased airflow through open windows may enhance ventilation rates, it does not always improve thermal comfort, especially if not properly managed. This study highlights the limitations of relying solely on natural ventilation for passive cooling in historic buildings under future climate conditions. Additionally, it contributes to broader discussions on sustainable building practices and adaptation strategies, highlighting the pressing need to balance heritage conservation with climate adaptation. Finally, its relevance across diverse ASHRAE climate zones ensures wide geographical applicability, making this research a vital addition to the discourse on sustainable architecture and climate-resilient design.

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

This publication has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:

#7 Affordable and Clean Energy
#13 Climate Action
#11 Sustainable Cities and Communities

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Collaboration types
Domestic collaboration
International collaboration
Web of Science research areas
Construction & Building Technology
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