Journal article
Evidence for Neutrino Emission from X-Ray-bright Active Galactic Nuclei with IceCube
Astrophysical journal. Letters, v 1000(1), L26
20 Mar 2026
Abstract
Recently, IceCube reported neutrino emission from the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068. Using 13.1 yr of IceCube data, we present a follow-up search for neutrino sources in the northern sky. NGC 1068 remains the most significant neutrino source among 110 preselected gamma-ray emitters while also being spatially compatible with the most significant location in the northern sky. Its energy spectrum is characterized by an unbroken power-law with spectral index γ = 3.4 ± 0.2. Consistent with previous results, the observed neutrino flux exceeds its gamma-ray counterpart by at least 2 orders of magnitude. Motivated by this disparity and the high X-ray luminosity of the source, we selected 47 X-ray-bright Seyfert galaxies from the Swift/BAT spectroscopic survey that were not included in the list of gamma-ray emitters. When testing this collection for neutrino emission, we observe a 3.3σ excess from an ensemble of 11 sources, with NGC 1068 excluded from the sample. Our results strengthen the evidence that X-ray-bright cores of active galactic nuclei are neutrino emitters.
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- Title
- Evidence for Neutrino Emission from X-Ray-bright Active Galactic Nuclei with IceCube
- Creators
- R Abbasi - Loyola University ChicagoM Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ Adams - University of CanterburyS. K Agarwalla - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. A Aguilar - Université Libre de BruxellesM Ahlers - University of CopenhagenJ. M Alameddine - TU Dortmund UniversityS Ali - University of KansasN. M Amin - University of DelawareK Andeen - Marquette UniversityC Argüelles - Harvard UniversityY Ashida - University of UtahS Athanasiadou - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS. N Axani - University of DelawareR Babu - Michigan State UniversityX Bai - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyJ Baines-Holmes - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Balagopal VS. W Barwick - University of California, IrvineS Bash - Technical University of MunichV Basu - University of UtahR Bay - University of California, BerkeleyJ. J Beatty - The Ohio State UniversityJ Becker TjusP Behrens - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Beise - Uppsala UniversityC Bellenghi - Technical University of MunichB Benkel - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS BenZvi - University of RochesterD Berley - University of Maryland, College ParkE Bernardini - University of PaduaD. Z Besson - University of KansasE Blaufuss - University of Maryland, College ParkL Bloom - University of AlabamaS Blot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYI Bodo - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF Bontempo - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ. Y. Book Motzkin - Harvard UniversityC Boscolo MeneguoloS Böser - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzO Botner - Uppsala UniversityJ Böttcher - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Braun - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB Brinson - Georgia Institute of TechnologyZ Brisson-Tsavoussis - Queen's UniversityR. T Burley - The University of AdelaideD Butterfield - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. A Campana - Drexel UniversityK Carloni - Harvard UniversityJ Carpio - University of Nevada, Las VegasS Chattopadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonN Chau - Université Libre de BruxellesZ Chen - Stony Brook UniversityD Chirkin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Choi - University of UtahB. A Clark - University of Maryland, College ParkA Coleman - Uppsala UniversityP ColemanG. H Collin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyD. A. Coloma Borja - University of PaduaA Connolly - The Ohio State UniversityJ. M Conrad - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyD. F Cowen - Pennsylvania State UniversityC De Clercq - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ. J DeLaunay - Pennsylvania State UniversityD Delgado - Harvard UniversityT Delmeulle - Université Libre de BruxellesS Deng - RWTH Aachen UniversityP Desiati - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. D de Vries - Vrije Universiteit BrusselG de Wasseige - UCLouvainT DeYoung - Michigan State UniversityJ. C Díaz-Vélez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS DiKerby - Michigan State UniversityT Ding - University of Nevada, Las VegasM Dittmer - University of MünsterA Domi - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL Draper - University of UtahL Dueser - RWTH Aachen UniversityD Durnford - University of AlbertaK Dutta - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. A DuVernois - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Ehrhardt - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzL Eidenschink - Technical University of MunichA Eimer - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergP Eller - Technical University of MunichE Ellinger - University of WuppertalD Elsässer - TU Dortmund UniversityR Engel - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyH Erpenbeck - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW Esmail - University of MünsterS Eulig - Harvard UniversityJ Evans - University of Maryland, College ParkP. A Evenson - University of DelawareK. L Fan - University of Maryland, College ParkK Fang - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Farrag - Chiba UniversityA. R Fazely - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA Fedynitch - Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaN Feigl - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinC Finley - Stockholm UniversityL Fischer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYD Fox - Pennsylvania State UniversityA Franckowiak - Ruhr University BochumS Fukami - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYP Fürst - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Gallagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Ganster - RWTH Aachen UniversityA Garcia - Harvard UniversityM Garcia - University of DelawareG Garg - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Genton - UCLouvainL Gerhardt - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryA Ghadimi - University of AlabamaT Glüsenkamp - Uppsala UniversityJ. G Gonzalez - University of DelawareS Goswami - University of Nevada, Las VegasA Granados - Michigan State UniversityD Grant - Simon Fraser UniversityS. J Gray - University of Maryland, College ParkS Griffin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Griswold - University of RochesterK. M Groth - University of CopenhagenD Guevel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonC Günther - RWTH Aachen UniversityP Gutjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC Ha - Chung-Ang UniversityC Haack - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA Hallgren - Uppsala UniversityL Halve - RWTH Aachen UniversityF Halzen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonL Hamacher - RWTH Aachen UniversityM Ha MinhM Handt - RWTH Aachen UniversityK Hanson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Hardin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. A Harnisch - Michigan State UniversityP Hatch - Queen's UniversityA Haungs - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ Häussler - RWTH Aachen UniversityK Helbing - University of WuppertalJ Hellrung - Ruhr University BochumB Henke - Michigan State UniversityL Hennig - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergF Henningsen - Simon Fraser UniversityL Heuermann - RWTH Aachen UniversityR Hewett - University of CanterburyN Heyer - Uppsala UniversityS Hickford - University of WuppertalA Hidvegi - Stockholm UniversityC Hill - Chiba UniversityG. C Hill - The University of AdelaideR Hmaid - Chiba UniversityK. D Hoffman - University of Maryland, College ParkD Hooper - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Hori - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Hoshina - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Hostert - Harvard UniversityW Hou - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM Hrywniak - Stockholm UniversityT Huber - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyK Hultqvist - Stockholm UniversityK Hymon - TU Dortmund UniversityA Ishihara - Chiba UniversityW Iwakiri - Chiba UniversityM Jacquart - University of CopenhagenS Jain - University of Wisconsin–MadisonO Janik - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM Jansson - UCLouvainM Jeong - University of UtahM Jin - Harvard UniversityN Kamp - Harvard UniversityD Kang - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyW KangX Kang - Drexel UniversityA Kappes - University of MünsterL Kardum - TU Dortmund UniversityT Karg - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM Karl - Technical University of MunichA Karle - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Katil - University of AlbertaM Kauer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. L Kelley - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Khanal - University of UtahA Khatee ZathulA Kheirandish - University of Nevada, Las VegasH Kimku - Chung-Ang UniversityJ Kiryluk - Stony Brook UniversityC Klein - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS. R Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryY Kobayashi - Chiba UniversityA Kochocki - Michigan State UniversityR Koirala - University of DelawareH Kolanoski - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinT Kontrimas - Technical University of MunichL Köpke - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzC Kopper - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergD. J Koskinen - University of CopenhagenP Koundal - University of DelawareM Kowalski - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT Kozynets - University of CopenhagenA Kravka - University of UtahN Krieger - Ruhr University BochumJ Krishnamoorthi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Krishnan - Harvard UniversityK Kruiswijk - UCLouvainE Krupczak - Michigan State UniversityA Kumar - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYE Kun - Ruhr University BochumN Kurahashi - Drexel UniversityN Lad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC Lagunas GualdaL. Lallement Arnaud - Université Libre de BruxellesM Lamoureux - UCLouvainM. J Larson - University of Maryland, College ParkF Lauber - University of WuppertalJ. P Lazar - UCLouvainK Leonard DeHoltonA Leszczyńska - University of DelawareJ Liao - Georgia Institute of TechnologyC Lin - University of DelawareQ. R Liu - Simon Fraser UniversityY. T Liu - Pennsylvania State UniversityM Liubarska - University of AlbertaC Love - Drexel UniversityL Lu - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF Lucarelli - University of GenevaW Luszczak - The Ohio State UniversityY Lyu - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryM Macdonald - Harvard UniversityJ Madsen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Magnus - Vrije Universiteit BrusselY Makino - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Manao - Technical University of MunichS Mancina - University of PaduaA Mand - University of Wisconsin–MadisonI. C Mariş - Université Libre de BruxellesS Marka - Columbia UniversityZ Marka - Columbia UniversityL Marten - RWTH Aachen UniversityI Martinez-Soler - Harvard UniversityR Maruyama - Yale UniversityJ Mauro - UCLouvainF Mayhew - Michigan State UniversityF McNally - Mercer UniversityJ. V Mead - University of CopenhagenK Meagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Mechbal - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA Medina - The Ohio State UniversityM Meier - Chiba UniversityY Merckx - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL Merten - Ruhr University BochumJ Mitchell - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeL Molchany - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyS Mondal - University of UtahT Montaruli - University of GenevaR. W Moore - University of AlbertaY Morii - Chiba UniversityA Mosbrugger - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM Moulai - University of Wisconsin–MadisonD Mousadi - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYE Moyaux - UCLouvainT Mukherjee - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyR Naab - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM Nakos - University of Wisconsin–MadisonU Naumann - University of WuppertalJ Necker - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYL Neste - Stockholm UniversityM Neumann - University of MünsterH Niederhausen - Michigan State UniversityM. U Nisa - Michigan State UniversityK Noda - Chiba UniversityA Noell - RWTH Aachen UniversityA Novikov - University of DelawareA Obertacke - Stockholm UniversityV O’Dell - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Olivas - University of Maryland, College ParkR Orsoe - Technical University of MunichJ Osborn - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE O’Sullivan - Uppsala UniversityV Palusova - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzH Pandya - University of DelawareA Parenti - Université Libre de BruxellesN Park - Queen's UniversityV Parrish - Michigan State UniversityE. N Paudel - University of AlabamaL Paul - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyC. Pérez de los Heros - Uppsala UniversityT Pernice - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT. C Petersen - University of CopenhagenJ Peterson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Plum - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyA Pontén - Uppsala UniversityV Poojyam - University of AlabamaY Popovych - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. Prado Rodriguez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB Pries - Michigan State UniversityR Procter-Murphy - University of Maryland, College ParkG. T Przybylski - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryL Pyras - University of UtahC Raab - UCLouvainJ Rack-Helleis - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzN Rad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM Ravn - Uppsala UniversityK Rawlins - University of Alaska AnchorageZ Rechav - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Rehman - University of DelawareI Reistroffer - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyE Resconi - Technical University of MunichS Reusch - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. D Rho - Sungkyunkwan UniversityW Rhode - TU Dortmund UniversityL Ricca - UCLouvainB Riedel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Rifaie - University of WuppertalE. J Roberts - The University of AdelaideM Rongen - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA Rosted - Chiba UniversityC Rott - University of UtahT Ruhe - TU Dortmund UniversityL Ruohan - Technical University of MunichD Ryckbosch - Ghent UniversityJ Saffer - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyD Salazar-Gallegos - Michigan State UniversityP Sampathkumar - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA Sandrock - University of WuppertalG Sanger-Johnson - Michigan State UniversityM Santander - University of AlabamaS Sarkar - University of OxfordJ Savelberg - RWTH Aachen UniversityM Scarnera - UCLouvainP Schaile - Technical University of MunichM Schaufel - RWTH Aachen UniversityH Schieler - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyS Schindler - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL Schlickmann - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzB Schlüter - University of MünsterF Schlüter - Université Libre de BruxellesN Schmeisser - University of WuppertalT Schmidt - University of Maryland, College ParkF. G Schröder - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyL Schumacher - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS Schwirn - RWTH Aachen UniversityS Sclafani - University of Maryland, College ParkD Seckel - University of DelawareL Seen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM SeikhS Seunarine - University of Wisconsin–River FallsP. A. Sevle Myhr - UCLouvainR Shah - Drexel UniversityS Shefali - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN Shimizu - Chiba UniversityB Skrzypek - University of California, BerkeleyR Snihur - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Soedingrekso - TU Dortmund UniversityA Sègaard - University of CopenhagenD Soldin - University of UtahP Soldin - RWTH Aachen UniversityG Sommani - Ruhr University BochumC Spannfellner - Technical University of MunichG. M Spiczak - University of Wisconsin–River FallsC Spiering - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ Stachurska - Ghent UniversityM Stamatikos - The Ohio State UniversityT Stanev - University of DelawareT Stezelberger - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryT Stürwald - University of WuppertalT Stuttard - University of CopenhagenG. W Sullivan - University of Maryland, College ParkI Taboada - Georgia Institute of TechnologyS Ter-Antonyan - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA Terliuk - Technical University of MunichA Thakuri - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyM Thiesmeyer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW. G Thompson - Harvard UniversityJ Thwaites - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Tilav - University of DelawareK Tollefson - Michigan State UniversityS Toscano - Université Libre de BruxellesD Tosi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Trettin - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA. K Upadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Upshaw - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA Vaidyanathan - Marquette UniversityN Valtonen-Mattila - Ruhr University BochumJ Valverde - Marquette UniversityJ Vandenbroucke - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Van Eeden - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYN van Eijndhoven - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL Van Rootselaar - TU Dortmund UniversityJ van Santen - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ Vara - University of MünsterF Varsi - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM Venugopal - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM Vereecken - UCLouvainS. Vergara Carrasco - University of CanterburyS Verpoest - University of DelawareD Veske - Columbia UniversityA Vijai - University of Maryland, College ParkJ Villarreal - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC Walck - Stockholm UniversityA Wang - Georgia Institute of TechnologyE. H. S Warrick - University of AlabamaC Weaver - Michigan State UniversityP Weigel - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA Weindl - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ Weldert - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzA. Y Wen - Harvard UniversityC Wendt - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Werthebach - TU Dortmund UniversityM Weyrauch - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN Whitehorn - Michigan State UniversityC. H Wiebusch - RWTH Aachen UniversityD. R Williams - University of AlabamaL Witthaus - TU Dortmund UniversityM Wolf - Technical University of MunichG Wrede - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergX. W Xu - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeJ. P Yanez - University of AlbertaY Yao - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Yildizci - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Yoshida - Chiba UniversityR Young - University of KansasF Yu - Harvard UniversityS Yu - University of UtahT Yuan - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Zander Jurowitzki - Technical University of MunichA Zegarelli - Ruhr University BochumS Zhang - Michigan State UniversityZ Zhang - Stony Brook UniversityP Zhelnin - Harvard UniversityP Zilberman - University of Wisconsin–MadisonIceCube Collaboration IceCube Collaboration
- Publication Details
- Astrophysical journal. Letters, v 1000(1), L26
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Number of pages
- 20
- Grant note
- U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Open Science Grid (OSG) Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS) Funds for Scientific Research (FWO) FWO Odysseus programme FWO Big Science programme Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo) Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen Swedish Research Council Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation Australian Research Council Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Calcul Quebec Compute Ontario Canada Foundation for Innovation WestGrid Compute Canada Villum Fonden Carlsberg Foundation New Zealand Marsden Fund Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
The IceCube collaboration acknowledges the significant contributions to this manuscript from Chiara Bellenghi, Tomas Kontrimas, and Elena Manao. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the following agencies and institutions. USA-U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Partnership to Advance Throughput Computing (PATh), Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS), Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University, NVIDIA Corporation, and Google Cloud Platform. Belgium-Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programs, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo). Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen. Sweden-Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. European Union-EGI advanced computing for research. Australia-Australian Research Council. Canada-Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Quebec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Digital Research Alliance of Canada. Denmark-Villum Fonden, Carlsberg Foundation, and European Commission. New Zealand-Marsden Fund. Japan-Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University. Korea-National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF). Switzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001730893300001
- Other Identifier
- 991022171586604721