Journal article
Evidence for Neutrino Emission from X-Ray-bright Active Galactic Nuclei with IceCube
Astrophysical journal. Letters, v 1000(1), L26
20 Mar 2026
Abstract
Recently, IceCube reported neutrino emission from the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068. Using 13.1 yr of IceCube data, we present a follow-up search for neutrino sources in the northern sky. NGC 1068 remains the most significant neutrino source among 110 preselected gamma-ray emitters while also being spatially compatible with the most significant location in the northern sky. Its energy spectrum is characterized by an unbroken power-law with spectral index γ = 3.4 ± 0.2. Consistent with previous results, the observed neutrino flux exceeds its gamma-ray counterpart by at least 2 orders of magnitude. Motivated by this disparity and the high X-ray luminosity of the source, we selected 47 X-ray-bright Seyfert galaxies from the Swift/BAT spectroscopic survey that were not included in the list of gamma-ray emitters. When testing this collection for neutrino emission, we observe a 3.3σ excess from an ensemble of 11 sources, with NGC 1068 excluded from the sample. Our results strengthen the evidence that X-ray-bright cores of active galactic nuclei are neutrino emitters.
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- Title
- Evidence for Neutrino Emission from X-Ray-bright Active Galactic Nuclei with IceCube
- Creators
- R Abbasi - Loyola University ChicagoM Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ Adams - University of CanterburyS. K Agarwalla - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. A Aguilar - Université Libre de BruxellesM Ahlers - University of CopenhagenJ. M Alameddine - TU Dortmund UniversityS Ali - University of KansasN. M Amin - University of DelawareK Andeen - Marquette UniversityC Argüelles - Harvard UniversityY Ashida - University of UtahS Athanasiadou - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS. N Axani - University of DelawareR Babu - Michigan State UniversityX Bai - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyJ Baines-Holmes - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Balagopal VS. W Barwick - University of California, IrvineS Bash - Technical University of MunichV Basu - University of UtahR Bay - University of California, BerkeleyJ. J Beatty - The Ohio State UniversityJ Becker TjusP Behrens - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Beise - Uppsala UniversityC Bellenghi - Technical University of MunichB Benkel - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS BenZvi - University of RochesterD Berley - University of Maryland, College ParkE Bernardini - University of PaduaD. Z Besson - University of KansasE Blaufuss - University of Maryland, College ParkL Bloom - University of AlabamaS Blot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYI Bodo - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF Bontempo - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ. Y. Book Motzkin - Harvard UniversityC Boscolo MeneguoloS Böser - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzO Botner - Uppsala UniversityJ Böttcher - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Braun - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB Brinson - Georgia Institute of TechnologyZ Brisson-Tsavoussis - Queen's UniversityR. T Burley - The University of AdelaideD Butterfield - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. A Campana - Drexel UniversityK Carloni - Harvard UniversityJ Carpio - University of Nevada, Las VegasS Chattopadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonN Chau - Université Libre de BruxellesZ Chen - Stony Brook UniversityD Chirkin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Choi - University of UtahB. A Clark - University of Maryland, College ParkA Coleman - Uppsala UniversityP ColemanG. H Collin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyD. A. Coloma Borja - University of PaduaA Connolly - The Ohio State UniversityJ. M Conrad - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyD. F Cowen - Pennsylvania State UniversityC De Clercq - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ. J DeLaunay - Pennsylvania State UniversityD Delgado - Harvard UniversityT Delmeulle - Université Libre de BruxellesS Deng - RWTH Aachen UniversityP Desiati - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. D de Vries - Vrije Universiteit BrusselG de Wasseige - UCLouvainT DeYoung - Michigan State UniversityJ. C Díaz-Vélez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS DiKerby - Michigan State UniversityT Ding - University of Nevada, Las VegasM Dittmer - University of MünsterA Domi - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL Draper - University of UtahL Dueser - RWTH Aachen UniversityD Durnford - University of AlbertaK Dutta - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. A DuVernois - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Ehrhardt - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzL Eidenschink - Technical University of MunichA Eimer - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergP Eller - Technical University of MunichE Ellinger - University of WuppertalD Elsässer - TU Dortmund UniversityR Engel - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyH Erpenbeck - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW Esmail - University of MünsterS Eulig - Harvard UniversityJ Evans - University of Maryland, College ParkP. A Evenson - University of DelawareK. L Fan - University of Maryland, College ParkK Fang - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Farrag - Chiba UniversityA. R Fazely - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA Fedynitch - Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaN Feigl - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinC Finley - Stockholm UniversityL Fischer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYD Fox - Pennsylvania State UniversityA Franckowiak - Ruhr University BochumS Fukami - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYP Fürst - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Gallagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Ganster - RWTH Aachen UniversityA Garcia - Harvard UniversityM Garcia - University of DelawareG Garg - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Genton - UCLouvainL Gerhardt - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryA Ghadimi - University of AlabamaT Glüsenkamp - Uppsala UniversityJ. G Gonzalez - University of DelawareS Goswami - University of Nevada, Las VegasA Granados - Michigan State UniversityD Grant - Simon Fraser UniversityS. J Gray - University of Maryland, College ParkS Griffin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Griswold - University of RochesterK. M Groth - University of CopenhagenD Guevel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonC Günther - RWTH Aachen UniversityP Gutjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC Ha - Chung-Ang UniversityC Haack - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA Hallgren - Uppsala UniversityL Halve - RWTH Aachen UniversityF Halzen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonL Hamacher - RWTH Aachen UniversityM Ha MinhM Handt - RWTH Aachen UniversityK Hanson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Hardin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. A Harnisch - Michigan State UniversityP Hatch - Queen's UniversityA Haungs - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ Häussler - RWTH Aachen UniversityK Helbing - University of WuppertalJ Hellrung - Ruhr University BochumB Henke - Michigan State UniversityL Hennig - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergF Henningsen - Simon Fraser UniversityL Heuermann - RWTH Aachen UniversityR Hewett - University of CanterburyN Heyer - Uppsala UniversityS Hickford - University of WuppertalA Hidvegi - Stockholm UniversityC Hill - Chiba UniversityG. C Hill - The University of AdelaideR Hmaid - Chiba UniversityK. D Hoffman - University of Maryland, College ParkD Hooper - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Hori - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Hoshina - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Hostert - Harvard UniversityW Hou - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM Hrywniak - Stockholm UniversityT Huber - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyK Hultqvist - Stockholm UniversityK Hymon - TU Dortmund UniversityA Ishihara - Chiba UniversityW Iwakiri - Chiba UniversityM Jacquart - University of CopenhagenS Jain - University of Wisconsin–MadisonO Janik - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM Jansson - UCLouvainM Jeong - University of UtahM Jin - Harvard UniversityN Kamp - Harvard UniversityD Kang - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyW KangX Kang - Drexel UniversityA Kappes - University of MünsterL Kardum - TU Dortmund UniversityT Karg - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM Karl - Technical University of MunichA Karle - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Katil - University of AlbertaM Kauer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. L Kelley - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Khanal - University of UtahA Khatee ZathulA Kheirandish - University of Nevada, Las VegasH Kimku - Chung-Ang UniversityJ Kiryluk - Stony Brook UniversityC Klein - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS. R Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryY Kobayashi - Chiba UniversityA Kochocki - Michigan State UniversityR Koirala - University of DelawareH Kolanoski - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinT Kontrimas - Technical University of MunichL Köpke - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzC Kopper - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergD. J Koskinen - University of CopenhagenP Koundal - University of DelawareM Kowalski - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT Kozynets - University of CopenhagenA Kravka - University of UtahN Krieger - Ruhr University BochumJ Krishnamoorthi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Krishnan - Harvard UniversityK Kruiswijk - UCLouvainE Krupczak - Michigan State UniversityA Kumar - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYE Kun - Ruhr University BochumN Kurahashi - Drexel UniversityN Lad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC Lagunas GualdaL. Lallement Arnaud - Université Libre de BruxellesM Lamoureux - UCLouvainM. J Larson - University of Maryland, College ParkF Lauber - University of WuppertalJ. P Lazar - UCLouvainK Leonard DeHoltonA Leszczyńska - University of DelawareJ Liao - Georgia Institute of TechnologyC Lin - University of DelawareQ. R Liu - Simon Fraser UniversityY. T Liu - Pennsylvania State UniversityM Liubarska - University of AlbertaC Love - Drexel UniversityL Lu - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF Lucarelli - University of GenevaW Luszczak - The Ohio State UniversityY Lyu - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryM Macdonald - Harvard UniversityJ Madsen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Magnus - Vrije Universiteit BrusselY Makino - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Manao - Technical University of MunichS Mancina - University of PaduaA Mand - University of Wisconsin–MadisonI. C Mariş - Université Libre de BruxellesS Marka - Columbia UniversityZ Marka - Columbia UniversityL Marten - RWTH Aachen UniversityI Martinez-Soler - Harvard UniversityR Maruyama - Yale UniversityJ Mauro - UCLouvainF Mayhew - Michigan State UniversityF McNally - Mercer UniversityJ. V Mead - University of CopenhagenK Meagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Mechbal - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA Medina - The Ohio State UniversityM Meier - Chiba UniversityY Merckx - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL Merten - Ruhr University BochumJ Mitchell - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeL Molchany - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyS Mondal - University of UtahT Montaruli - University of GenevaR. W Moore - University of AlbertaY Morii - Chiba UniversityA Mosbrugger - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM Moulai - University of Wisconsin–MadisonD Mousadi - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYE Moyaux - UCLouvainT Mukherjee - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyR Naab - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM Nakos - University of Wisconsin–MadisonU Naumann - University of WuppertalJ Necker - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYL Neste - Stockholm UniversityM Neumann - University of MünsterH Niederhausen - Michigan State UniversityM. U Nisa - Michigan State UniversityK Noda - Chiba UniversityA Noell - RWTH Aachen UniversityA Novikov - University of DelawareA Obertacke - Stockholm UniversityV O’Dell - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Olivas - University of Maryland, College ParkR Orsoe - Technical University of MunichJ Osborn - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE O’Sullivan - Uppsala UniversityV Palusova - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzH Pandya - University of DelawareA Parenti - Université Libre de BruxellesN Park - Queen's UniversityV Parrish - Michigan State UniversityE. N Paudel - University of AlabamaL Paul - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyC. Pérez de los Heros - Uppsala UniversityT Pernice - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT. C Petersen - University of CopenhagenJ Peterson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Plum - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyA Pontén - Uppsala UniversityV Poojyam - University of AlabamaY Popovych - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. Prado Rodriguez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB Pries - Michigan State UniversityR Procter-Murphy - University of Maryland, College ParkG. T Przybylski - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryL Pyras - University of UtahC Raab - UCLouvainJ Rack-Helleis - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzN Rad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM Ravn - Uppsala UniversityK Rawlins - University of Alaska AnchorageZ Rechav - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Rehman - University of DelawareI Reistroffer - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyE Resconi - Technical University of MunichS Reusch - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. D Rho - Sungkyunkwan UniversityW Rhode - TU Dortmund UniversityL Ricca - UCLouvainB Riedel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Rifaie - University of WuppertalE. J Roberts - The University of AdelaideM Rongen - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA Rosted - Chiba UniversityC Rott - University of UtahT Ruhe - TU Dortmund UniversityL Ruohan - Technical University of MunichD Ryckbosch - Ghent UniversityJ Saffer - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyD Salazar-Gallegos - Michigan State UniversityP Sampathkumar - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA Sandrock - University of WuppertalG Sanger-Johnson - Michigan State UniversityM Santander - University of AlabamaS Sarkar - University of OxfordJ Savelberg - RWTH Aachen UniversityM Scarnera - UCLouvainP Schaile - Technical University of MunichM Schaufel - RWTH Aachen UniversityH Schieler - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyS Schindler - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL Schlickmann - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzB Schlüter - University of MünsterF Schlüter - Université Libre de BruxellesN Schmeisser - University of WuppertalT Schmidt - University of Maryland, College ParkF. G Schröder - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyL Schumacher - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS Schwirn - RWTH Aachen UniversityS Sclafani - University of Maryland, College ParkD Seckel - University of DelawareL Seen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM SeikhS Seunarine - University of Wisconsin–River FallsP. A. Sevle Myhr - UCLouvainR Shah - Drexel UniversityS Shefali - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN Shimizu - Chiba UniversityB Skrzypek - University of California, BerkeleyR Snihur - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Soedingrekso - TU Dortmund UniversityA Sègaard - University of CopenhagenD Soldin - University of UtahP Soldin - RWTH Aachen UniversityG Sommani - Ruhr University BochumC Spannfellner - Technical University of MunichG. M Spiczak - University of Wisconsin–River FallsC Spiering - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ Stachurska - Ghent UniversityM Stamatikos - The Ohio State UniversityT Stanev - University of DelawareT Stezelberger - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryT Stürwald - University of WuppertalT Stuttard - University of CopenhagenG. W Sullivan - University of Maryland, College ParkI Taboada - Georgia Institute of TechnologyS Ter-Antonyan - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA Terliuk - Technical University of MunichA Thakuri - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyM Thiesmeyer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW. G Thompson - Harvard UniversityJ Thwaites - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Tilav - University of DelawareK Tollefson - Michigan State UniversityS Toscano - Université Libre de BruxellesD Tosi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Trettin - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA. K Upadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Upshaw - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA Vaidyanathan - Marquette UniversityN Valtonen-Mattila - Ruhr University BochumJ Valverde - Marquette UniversityJ Vandenbroucke - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Van Eeden - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYN van Eijndhoven - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL Van Rootselaar - TU Dortmund UniversityJ van Santen - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ Vara - University of MünsterF Varsi - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM Venugopal - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM Vereecken - UCLouvainS. Vergara Carrasco - University of CanterburyS Verpoest - University of DelawareD Veske - Columbia UniversityA Vijai - University of Maryland, College ParkJ Villarreal - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC Walck - Stockholm UniversityA Wang - Georgia Institute of TechnologyE. H. S Warrick - University of AlabamaC Weaver - Michigan State UniversityP Weigel - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA Weindl - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ Weldert - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzA. Y Wen - Harvard UniversityC Wendt - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Werthebach - TU Dortmund UniversityM Weyrauch - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN Whitehorn - Michigan State UniversityC. H Wiebusch - RWTH Aachen UniversityD. R Williams - University of AlabamaL Witthaus - TU Dortmund UniversityM Wolf - Technical University of MunichG Wrede - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergX. W Xu - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeJ. P Yanez - University of AlbertaY Yao - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Yildizci - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Yoshida - Chiba UniversityR Young - University of KansasF Yu - Harvard UniversityS Yu - University of UtahT Yuan - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Zander Jurowitzki - Technical University of MunichA Zegarelli - Ruhr University BochumS Zhang - Michigan State UniversityZ Zhang - Stony Brook UniversityP Zhelnin - Harvard UniversityP Zilberman - University of Wisconsin–MadisonIceCube Collaboration IceCube Collaboration
- Publication Details
- Astrophysical journal. Letters, v 1000(1), L26
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Other Identifier
- 991022171586604721