Journal article
Fast low energy reconstruction using Convolutional Neural Networks
Journal of instrumentation, v 21(2), pP02020
01 Feb 2026
Abstract
IceCube is a Cherenkov detector instrumenting over a cubic kilometer of glacial ice deep under the surface of the South Pole. The DeepCore sub-detector lowers the detection energy threshold to a few GeV, enabling the precise measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. The reconstruction of neutrino interactions inside the detector is essential in studying neutrino oscillations. It is particularly challenging to reconstruct sub-100 GeV events with the IceCube detectors due to the relatively sparse detection units and detection medium. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are broadly used in physics experiments for both classification and regression purposes. This paper discusses the CNNs developed and employed for the latest IceCube-DeepCore oscillation measurements [1]. These CNNs estimate various properties of the detected neutrinos, such as their energy, direction of arrival, interaction vertex position, flavor-related signature, and are also used for background classification.
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- Title
- Fast low energy reconstruction using Convolutional Neural Networks
- Creators
- The IceCube collaborationR Abbasi - Loyola University ChicagoM Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ AdamsS.K Agarwalla - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ.A Aguilar - Université Libre de BruxellesM Ahlers - University of CopenhagenJ.M AlameddineN.M Amin - University of DelawareK Andeen - Marquette UniversityC Argüelles - Institute of Particle PhysicsY Ashida - University of UtahS Athanasiadou - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS.N Axani - University of DelawareR Babu - Michigan State UniversityX BaiA.Balagopal VM Baricevic - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS.W Barwick - University of California, IrvineS Bash - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenV Basu - University of UtahR Bay - University of California, BerkeleyJ.J Beatty - The Ohio State UniversityJ Becker TjusP Behrens - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Beise - Uppsala UniversityC Bellenghi - Technical University of MunichS BenZvi - University of RochesterD BerleyE Bernardini - University of PaduaD.Z Besson - University of KansasE BlaufussL Bloom - University of AlabamaS Blot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYF Bontempo - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ.Y Book MotzkinC Boscolo MeneguoloS BöserO Botner - Uppsala UniversityJ Böttcher - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Braun - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB Brinson - Georgia Institute of TechnologyZ Brisson-Tsavoussis - Queen's UniversityR.T Burley - The University of AdelaideD Butterfield - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM.A CampanaK Carloni - Institute of Particle PhysicsJ Carpio - University of Nevada, RenoS Chattopadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonN Chau - Université Libre de BruxellesZ ChenD ChirkinS Choi - Sungkyunkwan UniversityB.A ClarkA Coleman - Uppsala UniversityP Coleman - RWTH Aachen UniversityG.H Collin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA Connolly - The Ohio State UniversityJ.M Conrad - Columbia UniversityR Corley - University of UtahD.F Cowen - Pennsylvania State UniversityC De ClercqJ.J DeLaunay - University of AlabamaD Delgado - Institute of Particle PhysicsS Deng - RWTH Aachen UniversityA Desai - University of Wisconsin–MadisonP Desiati - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK.D de Vries - Vrije Universiteit BrusselG de WasseigeT DeYoung - Michigan State UniversityJ.C Díaz-Vélez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS DiKerby - Michigan State UniversityM Dittmer - University of MünsterA DomiL Draper - University of UtahL Dueser - RWTH Aachen UniversityH Dujmovic - University of Wisconsin–MadisonD Durnford - University of AlbertaK Dutta - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM.A DuVernois - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Ehrhardt - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzL Eidenschink - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenA Eimer - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergP Eller - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenE Ellinger - University of WuppertalD Elsässer - TU Dortmund UniversityR Engel - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyH Erpenbeck - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW Esmail - University of MünsterJ EvansP.A Evenson - University of DelawareK.L Fan - University of Maryland, College ParkK Fang - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Farrag - Chiba UniversityA.R Fazely - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA Fedynitch - Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaN Feigl - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinC Finley - Stockholm UniversityL FischerD Fox - Pennsylvania State UniversityA Franckowiak - Ruhr University BochumS Fukami - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYP Fürst - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ Gallagher - University of Wisconsin SystemE GansterA GarciaM Garcia - University of DelawareG Garg - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Genton - UCLouvainL GerhardtA Ghadimi - University of AlabamaC GlaserT Glüsenkamp - Uppsala UniversityJ.G Gonzalez - University of DelawareS GoswamiA Granados - Michigan State UniversityD GrantS.J GrayS Griffin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Griswold - University of RochesterK.M GrothD Guevel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonC Günther - RWTH Aachen UniversityP Gutjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC Ha - Chung-Ang UniversityC Haack - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA Hallgren - Uppsala UniversityL HalveF Halzen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonL Hamacher - RWTH Aachen UniversityM Ha MinhM Handt - RWTH Aachen UniversityK Hanson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Hardin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA.A Harnisch - Michigan State UniversityP Hatch - Queen's UniversityA Haungs - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ Häußler - RWTH Aachen UniversityK HelbingJ Hellrung - Ruhr University BochumL Hennig - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL Heuermann - RWTH Aachen UniversityR Hewett - University of CanterburyN Heyer - Uppsala UniversityS Hickford - University of WuppertalA Hidvegi - Stockholm UniversityC Hill - Chiba UniversityG.C Hill - The University of AdelaideR Hmaid - Chiba UniversityK.D HoffmanS Hori - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Hoshina - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Hostert - Institute of Particle PhysicsW Hou - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyT HuberK Hultqvist - Stockholm UniversityR Hussain - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Hymon - TU Dortmund UniversityA IshiharaW Iwakiri - Chiba UniversityM Jacquart - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS JainO Janik - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM Jansson - Sungkyunkwan UniversityM Jeong - University of UtahM Jin - Institute of Particle PhysicsN Kamp - Institute of Particle PhysicsD Kang - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyW Kang - Sungkyunkwan UniversityX KangA Kappes - University of MünsterL KardumT KargM Karl - Technical University of MunichA Karle - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Katil - University of AlbertaM Kauer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ.L Kelley - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Khanal - University of UtahA Khatee ZathulA Kheirandish - Pennsylvania State UniversityH Kimku - Chung-Ang UniversityJ Kiryluk - Stony Brook UniversityC Klein - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS.R KleinY Kobayashi - Chiba UniversityA Kochocki - Michigan State UniversityR Koirala - University of DelawareH KolanoskiT Kontrimas - Technical University of MunichL Köpke - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzC Kopper - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergD.J Koskinen - University of CopenhagenP Koundal - University of DelawareM Kowalski - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT Kozynets - University of CopenhagenN Krieger - Ruhr University BochumJ Krishnamoorthi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Krishnan - Institute of Particle PhysicsK Kruiswijk - UCLouvainE KrupczakA KumarE Kun - Ruhr University BochumN Kurahashi - Drexel UniversityN Lad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC Lagunas Gualda - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM Lamoureux - UCLouvainM.J Larson - University of Maryland, College ParkF Lauber - University of WuppertalJ.P LazarK Leonard DeHoltonA Leszczyńska - University of DelawareJ Liao - Georgia Institute of TechnologyY.T LiuM Liubarska - University of AlbertaC Love - Drexel University, PhysicsL Lu - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF Lucarelli - University of GenevaW Luszczak - The Ohio State UniversityY Lyu - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryJ Madsen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Magnus - Vrije Universiteit BrusselK.B.M Mahn - Michigan State UniversityY Makino - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE Manao - Technical University of MunichS Mancina - University of PaduaA Mand - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW Marie SainteI.C MarişS Marka - Columbia UniversityZ MarkaL Marten - RWTH Aachen UniversityI Martinez-Soler - Institute of Particle PhysicsR Maruyama - Yale UniversityF Mayhew - Michigan State UniversityF McNallyJ.V MeadK Meagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS MechbalA MedinaM MeierY Merckx - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL Merten - Ruhr University BochumJ Micallef - Michigan State UniversityJ Mitchell - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeL Molchany - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyT Montaruli - University of GenevaR.W MooreY Morii - Chiba UniversityR Morse - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Mosbrugger - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM Moulai - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Mukherjee - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyR NaabM Nakos - University of Wisconsin–MadisonU Naumann - University of WuppertalJ Necker - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYL Neste - Stockholm UniversityM NeumannH NiederhausenM.U Nisa - Michigan State UniversityK Noda - Chiba UniversityA Noell - RWTH Aachen UniversityA Novikov - University of DelawareA Obertacke PollmannV O'Dell - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA OlivasR Orsoe - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenJ OsbornE O'Sullivan - Uppsala UniversityV Palusova - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzH Pandya - University of DelawareA Parenti - Université Libre de BruxellesN Park - Queen's UniversityV Parrish - Michigan State UniversityE.N PaudelL Paul - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyC Pérez de los HerosT Pernice - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ Peterson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Pizzuto - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Plum - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyA Pontén - Uppsala UniversityV Poojyam - University of AlabamaY Popovych - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM Prado RodriguezB Pries - Michigan State UniversityR Procter-MurphyG.T Przybylski - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryL Pyras - University of UtahC RaabJ Rack-HelleisN Rad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM Ravn - Uppsala UniversityK RawlinsZ Rechav - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA RehmanI Reistroffer - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyE Resconi - Technical University of MunichS Reusch - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC.D Rho - Sungkyunkwan UniversityW Rhode - TU Dortmund UniversityB Riedel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA RifaieE.J Roberts - The University of AdelaideS RobertsonS Rodan - Sungkyunkwan UniversityM Rongen - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA Rosted - Chiba UniversityC Rott - University of UtahT Ruhe - TU Dortmund UniversityL Ruohan - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenI Safa - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Saffer - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyD Salazar-Gallegos - Michigan State UniversityP Sampathkumar - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA Sandrock - University of WuppertalM Santander - University of AlabamaS SarkarJ Savelberg - RWTH Aachen UniversityP Savina - Gran Sasso Science InstituteP Schaile - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenM Schaufel - RWTH Aachen UniversityH SchielerS SchindlerL Schlickmann - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzB SchlüterF Schlüter - Université Libre de BruxellesN Schmeisser - University of WuppertalT SchmidtF.G Schröder - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyL SchumacherS Schwirn - RWTH Aachen UniversityS SclafaniD SeckelL Seen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Seikh - University of KansasM Seo - Sungkyunkwan UniversityS Seunarine - University of Wisconsin–River FallsP.A Sevle Myhr - UCLouvainR ShahS Shefali - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN Shimizu - Chiba UniversityM SilvaB Skrzypek - University of California, BerkeleyR Snihur - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Soedingrekso - TU Dortmund UniversityA Søgaard - University of CopenhagenD Soldin - University of UtahP Soldin - RWTH Aachen UniversityG Sommani - Ruhr University BochumC Spannfellner - Technical University of MunichG.M SpiczakC Spiering - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ Stachurska - Ghent UniversityM Stamatikos - The Ohio State UniversityT Stanev - University of DelawareT Stezelberger - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryT StürwaldT Stuttard - University of CopenhagenG.W Sullivan - University of Maryland, College ParkI Taboada - Georgia Institute of TechnologyS Ter-Antonyan - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeA Terliuk - Technical University of MunichA Thakuri - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyM Thiesmeyer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW.G Thompson - Institute of Particle PhysicsJ Thwaites - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Tilav - University of DelawareK Tollefson - Michigan State UniversityC Tönnis - Sungkyunkwan UniversityS Toscano - Université Libre de BruxellesD TosiA TrettinM.A Unland ElorrietaA.K Upadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Upshaw - Institute of Management Business and LawA Vaidyanathan - Marquette UniversityN Valtonen-Mattila - Uppsala UniversityJ Vandenbroucke - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT Van Eeden - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYN van Eijndhoven - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ van SantenJ VaraF Varsi - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ Veitch-MichaelisM Venugopal - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM Vereecken - UCLouvainS Vergara CarrascoS Verpoest - University of DelawareD VeskeA VijaiJ Villarreal - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC Walck - Stockholm UniversityA WangE Warrick - University of AlabamaC Weaver - Michigan State UniversityP Weigel - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA WeindlA.Y Wen - Institute of Particle PhysicsC Wendt - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ Werthebach - TU Dortmund UniversityM Weyrauch - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN WhitehornC.H Wiebusch - RWTH Aachen UniversityD.R Williams - University of AlabamaJ Willison - Michigan State UniversityL Witthaus - TU Dortmund UniversityM WolfG WredeX.W Xu - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeJ.P YañezE Yildizci - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS YoshidaR YoungF Yu - Institute of Particle PhysicsS YuT YuanA Zegarelli - Ruhr University BochumS Zhang - Michigan State UniversityZ Zhang - Stony Brook UniversityP Zhelnin - Institute of Particle PhysicsP Zilberman - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM Zimmerman - University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Publication Details
- Journal of instrumentation, v 21(2), pP02020
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Number of pages
- 19
- Grant note
- institutions: U.S.A. - U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, U.S. Nati Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS) NVIDIA Corporation FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Germany -Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association Sweden-Swedish Research Council Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation WestGrid Denmark -Villum Fonden Carlsberg Foundation European Commission New Zealand Marsden Fund
The IceCube collaboration acknowledges the significant contributions to this manuscript from Jessie Micallef and Shiqi Yu. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the following agencies and institutions: U.S.A. - U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, U.S. National Science Foundation AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Partnership to Advance Throughput Computing (PATh), Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS), Frontera and Ranch computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University, NVIDIA Corporation, and Google Cloud Platform; Belgium -Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Germany -Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen; Sweden-Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Union-EGI Advanced Computing for research; Australia -Australian Research Council; Canada -Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Quebec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Digital Research Alliance of Canada; Denmark -Villum Fonden, Carlsberg Foundation, and European Commission; New Zealand Marsden Fund; Japan -Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University; Korea -National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Switzerland -Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001777863900001
- Other Identifier
- 991022163434804721