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Journal article
First Sagittarius A Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way
Astrophysical journal. Letters, v 930(2), 12
01 May 2022
Abstract
We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of lambda = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 +/- 2.3 mu as (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass similar to 4 x 10(6) M (circle dot), which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i > 50 degrees), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 10(3)-10(5) gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.
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- Title
- First Sagittarius A Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way
- Creators
- Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (Collaboration)Kazunori Akiyama - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyAntxon Alberdi - Instituto de AstrofĂsica de AndalucĂaWalter Alef - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyJuan Carlos Algaba - Univ Malaya, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaRichard Anantua - Harvard UniversityKeiichi Asada - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsRebecca Azulay - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyUwe Bach - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyAnne-Kathrin Baczko - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyDavid Ball - University of ArizonaMislav Balokovic - Yale UniversityJohn Barrett - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMichi Baubock - Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USABradford A. Benson - Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryDan Bintley - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USALindy Blackburn - Harvard UniversityRaymond Blundell - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAKatherine L. Bouman - California Institute of TechnologyGeoffrey C. Bower - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAMichael Bremer - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceHope Boyce - McGill UniversityChristiaan D. Brinkerink - Radboud University NijmegenRoger Brissenden - Harvard UniversitySilke Britzen - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyAvery E. Broderick - Perimeter InstituteDominique Broguiere - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceThomas Bronzwaer - Radboud University NijmegenSandra Bustamante - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USADo-Young Byun - Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South KoreaJohn E. Carlstrom - University of ChicagoChiara Ceccobello - Chalmers University of TechnologyAndrew Chael - Princeton UniversityChi-kwan Chan - University of ArizonaKoushik Chatterjee - Harvard UniversityShami Chatterjee - Cornell UniversityMing-Tang Chen - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAYongjun Chen - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R ChinaXiaopeng Cheng - Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South KoreaIlje Cho - Instituto de AstrofĂsica de AndalucĂaPierre Christian - Fairfield UniversityNicholas S. Conroy - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAJohn E. Conway - Chalmers University of TechnologyJames M. Cordes - Cornell UniversityThomas M. Crawford - University of ChicagoGeoffrey B. Crew - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyAlejandro Cruz-Osorio - Goethe University FrankfurtYuzhu Cui - Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityJordy Davelaar - Radboud University NijmegenMariafelicia De Laurentis - Goethe University FrankfurtRoger Deane - University of the WitwatersrandJessica Dempsey - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAGregory Desvignes - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyJason Dexter - Joint Institute for Laboratory AstrophysicsVedant Dhruv - Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USASheperd S. Doeleman - Harvard UniversitySean Dougal - University of ArizonaSergio A. Dzib - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyRalph P. Eatough - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyRazieh Emami - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAHeino Falcke - Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsJoseph Farah - Cumbres Observ, 6740 Cortona Dr,Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117 USAVincent L. Fish - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyEd Fomalont - Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USAH. Alyson Ford - University of ArizonaRaquel Fraga-Encinas - Radboud University NijmegenWilliam T. Freeman - MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 32-D476,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02142 USAPer Friberg - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAChristian M. Fromm - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyAntonio Fuentes - Instituto de AstrofĂsica de AndalucĂaPeter Galison - Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USACharles F. Gammie - Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USARoberto Garcia - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceOlivier Gentaz - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceBoris Georgiev - Perimeter InstituteCiriaco Goddi - University of CagliariRoman Gold - Goethe University FrankfurtArturo Gomez-Ruiz - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, MexicoJose L. Gomez - Instituto de AstrofĂsica de AndalucĂaMinfeng Gu - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R ChinaMark Gurwell - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAKazuhiro Hada - Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, JapanDaryl Haggard - McGill UniversityKari Haworth - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAMichael H. Hecht - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyRonald Hesper - University of GroningenDirk Heumann - University of ArizonaLuis C. Ho - Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Astron, Beijing 100871, Peoples R ChinaPaul Ho - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsMareki Honma - Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, JapanChih-Wei L. Huang - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsLei Huang - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R ChinaDavid H. Hughes - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, MexicoShiro Ikeda - Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, JapanC. M. Violette Impellizzeri - Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USAMakoto Inoue - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsSara Issaoun - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USADavid J. James - ASTRAVEO LLC, POB 1668, Gloucester, MA 01931 USABuell T. Jannuzi - University of ArizonaMichael Janssen - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyBritton Jeter - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsWu Jiang - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R ChinaAlejandra Jimenez-Rosales - Radboud University NijmegenMichael D. Johnson - Harvard UniversitySvetlana Jorstad - Boston UniversityAbhishek Joshi - Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USATaehyun Jung - Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South KoreaMansour Karami - Perimeter InstituteRamesh Karuppusamy - MaxTomohisa Kawashima - Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, JapanGarrett K. Keating - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAMark Kettenis - Joint Inst VLBI ERIC JIVE, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, NetherlandsDong-Jin Kim - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyJae-Young Kim - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyJongsoo Kim - Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South KoreaJunhan Kim - University of ArizonaMotoki Kino - Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, JapanJun Yi Koay - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsPrashant Kocherlakota - Goethe University FrankfurtYutaro Kofuji - Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, JapanPatrick M. Koch - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsShoko Koyama - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsCarsten Kramer - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceMichael Kramer - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyThomas P. Krichbaum - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyCheng-Yu Kuo - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsNoemi La Bella - Radboud University NijmegenTod R. Lauer - Natl Opt Astron Observ, 950 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USADaeyoung Lee - Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USASang-Sung Lee - Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South KoreaPo Kin Leung - Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Phys, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaAviad Levis - California Institute of TechnologyZhiyuan Li - Nanjing UniversityRocco Lico - Instituto de AstrofĂsica de AndalucĂaGreg Lindahl - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAMichael Lindqvist - Chalmers University of TechnologyMikhail Lisakov - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyJun Liu - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyKuo Liu - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyElisabetta Liuzzo - INAF Ist Radioastron, Via P Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyWen-Ping Lo - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsAndrei P. Lobanov - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyLaurent Loinard - Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Radioastron & Astrofis, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, MexicoColin J. Lonsdale - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyRu-Sen Lu - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyJirong Mao - Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R ChinaNicola Marchili - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomySera Markoff - University of AmsterdamDaniel P. Marrone - University of ArizonaAlan P. Marscher - Boston UniversityIvan Marti-Vidal - Universitat de ValènciaSatoki Matsushita - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsLynn D. Matthews - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyLia Medeiros - University of ArizonaKarl M. Menten - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyDaniel Michalik - University of ChicagoIzumi Mizuno - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAYosuke Mizuno - Goethe University FrankfurtJames M. Moran - Harvard UniversityKotaro Moriyama - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMonika Moscibrodzka - Radboud University NijmegenCornelia Muller - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyAlejandro Mus - Universitat de ValènciaGibwa Musoke - Radboud University NijmegenIoannis Myserlis - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, SpainAndrew Nadolski - Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USAHiroshi Nagai - Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, JapanNeil M. Nagar - University of ConcepciĂłnMasanori Nakamura - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsRamesh Narayan - Harvard UniversityGopal Narayanan - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USAIniyan Natarajan - University of the WitwatersrandAntonios Nathanail - Goethe University FrankfurtSantiago Navarro Fuentes - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, SpainJoey Neilsen - Villanova UniversityRoberto Neri - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceChunchong Ni - Perimeter InstituteAristeidis Noutsos - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyMichael A. Nowak - Washington Univ, Phys Dept, CB 1105, St Louis, MO 63130 USAJunghwan Oh - Sejong UniversityHiroki Okino - Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, JapanHector Olivares - Radboud University NijmegenGisela N. Ortiz-Leon - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyTomoaki Oyama - Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, JapanDaniel C. M. Palumbo - Harvard UniversityGeorgios Filippos Paraschos - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyJongho Park - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsHarriet Parsons - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USANimesh Patel - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAUe-Li Pen - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsDominic W. Pesce - Harvard UniversityVincent Pietu - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceRichard Plambeck - Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAAleksandar PopStefanija - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USAOliver Porth - Goethe University FrankfurtFelix M. Potzl - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyBen Prather - Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USAJorge A. Preciado-Lopez - Perimeter InstituteHung-Yi Pu - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsVenkatessh Ramakrishnan - Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, ChileRamprasad Rao - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAMark G. Rawlings - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAAlexander W. Raymond - Harvard UniversityLuciano Rezzolla - Goethe University FrankfurtAngelo Ricarte - Harvard UniversityBart Ripperda - Flatiron InstituteFreek Roelofs - Harvard UniversityAlan Rogers - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyEduardo Ros - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyCristina Romero-Canizales - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsArash Roshanineshat - University of ArizonaHelge Rottmann - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyAlan L. Roy - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyIgnacio Ruiz - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, SpainChet Ruszczyk - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyKazi L. J. Rygl - INAF Ist Radioastron, Via P Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalySalvador Sanchez - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, SpainDavid Sanchez-Arguelles - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, MexicoMiguel Sanchez-Portal - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, SpainMahito Sasada - Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, JapanKaushik Satapathy - University of ArizonaTuomas Savolainen - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyF. Peter Schloerb - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USAJonathan Schonfeld - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAKarl-Friedrich Schuster - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceLijing Shao - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyZhiqiang Shen - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R ChinaDes Small - Joint Inst VLBI ERIC JIVE, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, NetherlandsBong Won Sohn - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAJason SooHoo - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyKamal Souccar - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USAHe Sun - California Institute of TechnologyFumie Tazaki - Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, JapanAlexandra J. Tetarenko - NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Washington, DC USAPaul Tiede - Harvard UniversityRemo P. J. Tilanus - University of ArizonaMichael Titus - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyPablo Torne - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyEfthalia Traianou - Instituto de AstrofĂsica de AndalucĂaTyler Trent - University of ArizonaSascha Trippe - Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 08826, South KoreaMatthew Turk - Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USAIlse van Bemmel - Joint Inst VLBI ERIC JIVE, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, NetherlandsHuib Jan van Langevelde - Leiden UniversityDaniel R. van Rossum - Radboud University NijmegenJesse Vos - Radboud University NijmegenJan Wagner - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyDerek Ward-Thompson - Univ Cent Lancashire, Jeremiah Horrocks Inst, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, EnglandJohn Wardle - Brandeis UniversityJonathan Weintroub - Harvard UniversityNorbert Wex - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyRobert Wharton - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyMaciek Wielgus - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyKaj Wiik - University of TurkuGunther Witzel - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyMichael F. Wondrak - Radboud University NijmegenGeorge N. Wong - Albert Einstein College of MedicineQingwen Wu - Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Phys, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R ChinaPaul Yamaguchi - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USADoosoo Yoon - University of AmsterdamAndre Young - Radboud University NijmegenKen Young - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAZiri Younsi - Goethe University FrankfurtFeng Yuan - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R ChinaYe-Fei Yuan - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAJ. Anton Zensus - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyShuo Zhang - Bard Coll, 30 Campus Rd, Annandale On Hudson, NY 12504 USAGuang-Yao Zhao - Instituto de AstrofĂsica de AndalucĂaShan-Shan Zhao - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R ChinaFeryal Ozel - University of ArizonaClaudio Agurto - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileAlexander Allardi - University of VermontRodrigo Amestica - NRAO Technol Ctr, Natl Radio Astron Observ, 1180 Boxwood Estate Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USAJuan Pablo Araneda - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileOriel Arriagada - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileJennie L. Berghuis - Gemini Observ, 670 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAAlessandra Bertarini - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyRyan Berthold - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAJay Blanchard - Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USAKen Brown - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAMauricio Cardenas - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileMichael Cantzler - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChilePatricio Caro - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileEdgar Castillo-Dominguez - CIUDADTin Lok Chan - Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Phys, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaChih-Cheng Chang - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsDominic O. Chang - Harvard UniversityShu-Hao Chang - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsSong-Chu Chang - Natl Chung Shan Inst Sci & Technol, 566,Ln 134,Longyuan Rd, Taoyuan 134, TaiwanChung-Chen Chen - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsRyan Chilson - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USATim C. Chuter - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAMiroslaw Ciechanowicz - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyEdgar Colin-Beltran - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, MexicoIain M. Coulson - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAJoseph Crowley - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyNathalie Degenaar - University of AmsterdamSven Dornbusch - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyCarlos A. Duran - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileWendeline B. Everett - CASAAaron Faber - Western Univ, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, CanadaKarl Forster - California Institute of TechnologyMiriam M. Fuchs - Drexel Univ, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USADavid M. Gale - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, MexicoGertie Geertsema - Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, Res & Dev Weather & Climate Models, Utrechtseweg 297, NL-3731 GA De Bilt, NetherlandsEdouard Gonzalez - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileDave Graham - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyFrederic Gueth - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, FranceNils W. Halverson - Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAChih-Chiang Han - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsKuo-Chang Han - Natl Chung Shan Inst Sci & Technol, 566,Ln 134,Longyuan Rd, Taoyuan 134, TaiwanYutaka Hasegawa - Osaka Prefecture UniversityJose Luis Hernandez-Rebollar - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, MexicoCristian Herrera - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileRuben Herrero-Illana - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileStefan Heyminck - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyAkihiko Hirota - Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, JapanJames Hoge - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAShelbi R. Hostler Schimpf - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USARyan E. Howie - University of ArizonaYau-De Huang - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsHomin Jiang - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsHao Jinchi - Natl Chung Shan Inst Sci & Technol, 566,Ln 134,Longyuan Rd, Taoyuan 134, TaiwanDavid John - Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, Ave Divina Pastora 7,Local 20, E-18012 Granada, SpainKimihiro Kimura - Osaka Prefecture UniversityThomas Klein - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileDerek Kubo - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAJohn Kuroda - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USACaleb Kwon - Villanova UniversityRichard Lacasse - NRAO Technol Ctr, Natl Radio Astron Observ, 1180 Boxwood Estate Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USARobert Laing - SKA Observ, Jodrell Bank, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, Cheshire, EnglandErik M. Leitch - University of ChicagoChao-Te Li - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsChing-Tang Liu - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsKuan-Yu Liu - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsLupin C-C Lin - Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Phys, Tainan 701401, TaiwanLi-Ming Lu - Natl Chung Shan Inst Sci & Technol, 566,Ln 134,Longyuan Rd, Taoyuan 134, TaiwanFelipe Mac-Auliffe - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChilePierre Martin-Cocher - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsCallie Matulonis - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAJohn K. Maute - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAHugo Messias - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileZheng Meyer-Zhao - ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, NetherlandsAlfredo Montana - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, MexicoFrancisco Montenegro-Montes - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileWilliam Montgomerie - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAMarcos Emir Moreno Nolasco - CienciaDirk Muders - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyHiroaki Nishioka - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsTimothy J. Norton - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAGeorge Nystrom - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAHideo Ogawa - Osaka Prefecture UniversityRodrigo Olivares - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChilePeter Oshiro - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAJuan Pablo Perez-Beaupuits - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyRodrigo Parra - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileNeil M. Phillips - European Southern Observ, Karl Schwarzschild Str 2, D-85478 Garching, GermanyMichael Poirier - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyNicolas Pradel - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsRichard Qiu - Harvard UniversityPhilippe A. Raffin - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAAlexandra S. Rahlin - Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryJorge Ramirez - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileSean Ressler - Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, 2411 Kohn Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93111 USAMark Reynolds - Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, 1085 South Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAIvan Rodriguez-Montoya - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, MexicoAlejandro F. Saez-Madain - NRAO Technol Ctr, Natl Radio Astron Observ, 1180 Boxwood Estate Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USAJorge Santana - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChilePaul Shaw - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsLeslie E. Shirkey - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAKevin M. Silva - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAWilliam Snow - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USADon Sousa - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyT. K. Sridharan - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAWilliam Stahm - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAAnthony A. Stark - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAJohn Test - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAKarl Torstensson - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChilePaulina Venegas - European Southern Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107,Casilla 19001, Santiago, ChileCraig Walther - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USATa-Shun Wei - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsChris White - Princeton UniversityGundolf Wieching - Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronomyRudy Wijnands - University of AmsterdamJan G. A. Wouterloot - East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USAChen-Yu Yu - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and AstrophysicsWei Yu - Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAMilagros Zeballos - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, Mexico
- Publication Details
- Astrophysical journal. Letters, v 930(2), 12
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing Ltd
- Number of pages
- 21
- Grant note
- University of Pretoria Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute SPI 78-409 / Spinoza Prize AST1903847 / NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship; National Science Foundation (NSF) FR 4069/2-1 / DFG; German Research Foundation (DFG) Allegro Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn ALMA North America Development Fund HST-HF2-51431.001-A; NAS5-26555 / NASA Hubble Fellowship - Space Telescope Science Institute CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Radboud University DD7-18089X; TM6-17006X / Chandra 2021.013 / Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO) National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China NRF-2015H1D3A1066561 / National Research Foundation of Korea (Korea Research Fellowship Program); National Research Foundation of Korea National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan 2020M671266 / China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowship CIDEGENT/2018/021 / GenT Program 103-2119-M-001-010MY2; 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3; 105-2119-M-001-042; 1062112-M-001-011; 106-2119-M-001-013; 106-2119-M-001027; 106-2923-M-001-005; 107-2119-M-001-017; 107-2119M-001-020; 107-2119-M-001-041 / Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan NL astronomy research network NOVA University of Amsterdam Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV Leiden University 1221421 / Fondecyt; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CONICYT FONDECYT Smithsonian Institution Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan U0004246083; U0004-259839; F0003-272050; M0037-279006; F0003-281692; 104497; 275201; 263356 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 610058 / European Research Council (ERC); Spanish Government Simons Foundation 2019H1D3A1A01102564 / National Research Foundation of Korea (Brain Pool Program); National Research Foundation of Korea International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Cologne CyVerse Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development) ACI-1548562; DBI0735191; DBI-1265383; DBI-1743442 / NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain) JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013 / Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6 / Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science; United States Department of Energy (DOE) PGC2018-098915-B-C21; AYA2016-80889-P; PID2019108995GB-C21; PID2020-117404GB-C21 / Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spanish Government AST-0096454; AST-0352953; AST0521233; AST-0705062; AST-0905844; AST-0922984; AST1126433; AST-1140030; DGE-1144085; AST-1207704; AST1207730; AST-1207752; MRI-1228509 / National Science Foundation (NSF) 2017-00648 / Swedish Research Council Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships Compute Canada PID2019-108995GB-C22 / MICINN; Spanish Government 2019AEP112 / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; Spanish Government 274477; 284495; 312496; 315721 / Academy of Finland; Research Council of Finland SEV-20170709 / State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award; Spanish Government Black Hole Initiative - John Templeton Foundation JP17J08829 / Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057; QYZDJSSW-SYS008; ZDBS-LY-SLH011 / Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; Leverhulme Trust Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science) 89233218CNA000001 / US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE) Max-PlanckGesellschaft (MPG); Max Planck Society MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds P18-FR-1769 / Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia; Junta de Andalucia Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) 11650110427; 10625314; 11721303; 11725312; 11873028; 11933007; 11991052; 11991053; 12192220; 12192223 / Natural Science Foundation of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 2016YFA0400704; 2017YFA0402703; 2016YFA0400702; 2017YFA0402700 / National Key Research and Development Program of China State of Arizona Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago Compute Ontario Institute for Advanced Study OPP-1248097; AST1310896; AST-1440254; AST-1555365; AST-1614868; AST1615796; AST-1715061; AST-1716327; AST-1716536; OISE1743747; AST-1816420; AST-1935980; AST-2034306 / The National Science Foundation (NSF); National Science Foundation (NSF) 884631 / European Research Council; European Research Council (ERC) MPG (Max-PlanckGesellschaft, Germany) Calcul Quebec 80NSSC20K1567; 80NSSC20K0527; 80NSSC20K0645 / National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan 101018682 / European Research Council (ERC); Spanish Government DE-AC0500OR22725 / Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy; United States Department of Energy (DOE) Swedish Research Council (VR); Swedish Research Council CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) National Science Foundation; National Science Foundation (NSF) 639.043.513; OCENW.KLEIN.113 / Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship NCN19_058 / Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile 77948 / South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) Toray Science Foundation; Toray Industries, Inc. Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation IN112417; IN112820 / Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM); Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico NRF-2015H1A2A1033752 / National Research Foundation of Korea (Global PhD Fellowship Grant); National Research Foundation of Korea APOSTD/2018/177 / Generalitat Valenciana; Center for Forestry Research & Experimentation (CIEF) Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation China Scholarship Council 2019R1F1A1059721; 2021R1A6A3A01086420; 2022R1C1C1005255 / National Research Foundation of Korea (Basic Research Support Grant); National Research Foundation of Korea JPMXP1020200109 / Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT); Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Academia Sinica; Academia Sinica - Taiwan OPP-1852617; OAC-1818253 / National Science Foundation; National Science Foundation (NSF) 18KK0090; JP21H01137; JP18H03721; JP18K13594; 18K03709; JP19K14761; 18H01245; 25120007 / MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program 730562; 101018682 / European Union; European Union (EU) EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association 107-2119-M-110-005; 1072923-M-001-009; 108-2112-M-001-048; 108-2112-M-001051; 108-2923-M-001-002; 109-2112-M-001-025; 109-2124M-001-005; 109-2923-M-001-001; 110-2112-M-003-007MY2; 110-2112-M-001-033; 110-2124-M-001-007; 1102923-M-001-001 / The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000794024700001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-85131912575
- Other Identifier
- 991021863002004721
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- Web of Science research areas
- Astronomy & Astrophysics