Journal article
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage The Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
JAMA neurology, v 82(8), pp 765-787
01 Aug 2025
PMID: 40406922
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents the third most common stroke type with unique etiologies, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatments. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies often cluster SAH with other stroke types leaving its distinct burden estimates obscure.
OBJECTIVE To estimate the worldwide burden of SAH.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Based on the repeated cross-sectional Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, the global burden of SAH in 1990 to 2021 was estimated. Moreover, the SAH burden was compared with other diseases, and its associations with 14 individual risk factors were investigated with available data in the GBD 2021 study. The GBD study included the burden estimates of nontraumatic SAH among all ages in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2021. EXPOSURES SAH and 14 modifiable risk factors.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of SAH incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as well as risk factor-specific population attributable fractions (PAFs).
RESULTS In 2021, the global age-standardized SAH incidence was 8.3 (95% UI, 7.3-9.5), prevalence was 92.2 (95% UI, 84.1-100.6), mortality was 4.2 (95% UI, 3.7-4.8), and DALY rate was 125.2 (95% UI, 110.5-142.6) per 100 000 people. The highest burden estimates were found in Latin America, the Caribbean, Oceania, and high-income Asia Pacific. Although the absolute number of SAH cases increased, especially in regions with a low sociodemographic index, all age-standardized burden rates decreased between 1990 and 2021: the incidence by 28.8% (95% UI, 25.7%-31.6%), prevalence by 16.1%(95% UI, 14.8%-17.7%), mortality by 56.1%(95% UI, 40.7%-64.3%), and DALY rate by 54.6%(95% UI, 42.8%-61.9%). Of 300 diseases, SAH ranked as the 36th most common cause of death and 59th most common cause of DALY in the world. Of all worldwide SAH-related DALYs, 71.6%(95% UI, 63.8%-78.6%) were associated with the 14 modeled risk factors of which high systolic blood pressure (population attributable fraction [PAF] = 51.6%; 95% UI, 38.0%-62.6%) and smoking (PAF = 14.4%; 95% UI, 12.4%-16.5%) had the highest attribution.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although the global age-standardized burden rates of SAH more than halved over the last 3 decades, SAH remained one of the most common cardiovascular and neurological causes of death and disabilities in the world, with increasing absolute case numbers. These findings suggest evidence for the potential health benefits of proactive public health planning and resource allocation toward the prevention of SAH.
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- Title
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage The Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Creators
- Ilari Rautalin - Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and PharmacyVictor Volovici - University of WashingtonBenjamin A. Stark - University of WashingtonCatherine O. Johnson - University of HelsinkiJaakko Kaprio - University of HelsinkiMiikka Korja - Helsinki University HospitalRita V. Krishnamurthi - Auckland University of TechnologyBalakrishnan Sukumaran Nair - Auckland University of TechnologyAnnemarei Ranta - Utrecht UniversityGabriel J. E. Rinkel - Utrecht UniversityMervyn D. I. Vergouwen - Utrecht UniversityYohannes Habtegiorgis Abate - Tehran University of Medical SciencesHedayat Abbastabar - Cairo UniversityFoad Abd-Allah - Cairo UniversityAtef Abdelkader - Memorial University of NewfoundlandParsa Abdi - Memorial University of NewfoundlandArash Abdollahi - Iran University of Medical SciencesAuwal Abdullahi - Federal Medical CentreOlugbenga Olusola Abiodun - University of Health and Allied SciencesRichard Gyan Aboagye - Poznan University of Medical SciencesMohamed Abouzid - Poznan University of Medical SciencesDariush Abtahi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSamir Abu Rumeileh - Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAhmed Abualhasan - Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanHasan Abualruz - Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanHana J. Abukhadijah - Alfaisal UniversityAhmed Abu-Zaid - Alfaisal UniversityLawan Hassan Adamu - The University of SydneyIsaac Yeboah Addo - The University of SydneyRufus Adesoji Adedoyin - Charles Darwin UniversityOyelola A. Adegboye - University of SharjahSaryia Adra - University of Health and Allied SciencesLeticia Akua Adzigbli - Queen's UniversityWilliams Agyemang-Duah - University of Technology SydneyBright Opoku Ahinkorah - University of Technology SydneyAqeel Ahmad - Australian National UniversityDanish Ahmad - Australian National UniversityAmir Mahmoud Ahmadzade - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesAli Ahmed - COMSATS University IslamabadHaroon Ahmed - COMSATS University IslamabadSyed Anees Ahmed - East Carolina UniversityBudi Aji - Fudan UniversityMohammed Ahmed Akkaif - New York Medical CollegeYazan Al-Ajlouni - United States Department of Veterans AffairsZiyad Al-Aly - United States Department of Veterans AffairsMohammed Albashtawy - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityMohammed Usman Ali - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversitySheikh Mohammad Alif - Federation UniversityYousef Alimohamadi - Iran University of Medical SciencesSyed Mohamed Aljunid - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyMahmoud A. Alomari - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyAhmad Alrawashdeh - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyMohammed A. Alsabri - Sana'a UniversityRustam Al-Shahi Salman - University of EdinburghAwais Altaf - University of LahoreAlaa B. Al-Tammemi - Jordan Ctr Dis Control, Res Policy & Training Directorate, Amman, JordanNelson Alvis-Guzman - University of CartagenaHassan Alwafi - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyMohammad Al-Wardat - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyYaser Mohammed Al-Worafi - Cleveland ClinicHany Aly - Cleveland ClinicMohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyKarem H. Alzoubi - University of IowaReza Amani - University of IowaTarek Tawfik Amin - Johns Hopkins UniversityAlireza Amindarolzarbi - Johns Hopkins UniversityGaniyu Adeniyi Amusa - University of JosDeanna Anderlini - The University of QueenslandDhanalakshmi Angappan - Oregon Health & Science UniversityAbhishek Anil - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurBoluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa - Jamia HamdardSaleha Anwar - Charles Sturt UniversityAnayochukwu Edward Anyasodor - Department of HealthGeminn Louis Carace Apostol - Department of HealthJalal Arabloo - Iran University of Medical SciencesDemelash Areda - Dalarna UniversityJohan Arnlov - Dalarna UniversityAnton A. Artamonov - Airlangga UniversityKurnia Dwi Artanti - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationAshokan Arumugam - Brigham and Women's HospitalZahra Aryan - Brigham and Women's HospitalMohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi - Monash UniversityMubarek Yesse Ashemo - University of LahoreTahira Ashraf - University of LahoreMohammad Athar - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesSeyyed Shamsadin Athari - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesAvinash Aujayeb - Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation TrustAdedapo Wasiu Awotidebe - University of LeedsSina Azadnajafabad - University of LeedsShahkaar Aziz - The University of Agriculture, PeshawarAhmed Y. Azzam - October 6 UniversityGiridhara Rathnaiah Babu - University of CanberraNasser Bagheri - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesPegah Bahrami Taghanaki - College Station Medical CenterSaeed Bahramian - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesRuhai Bai - Management and Science UniversityAtif Amin Baig - Management and Science UniversityAbdulaziz T. Bako - Alfaisal UniversityOvidiu Constantin Baltatu - Alfaisal UniversityKiran Bam - Medical University of LodzMaciej Banach - University of OxfordSoham Bandyopadhyay - Federation UniversityBiswajit Banik - University of MiamiMainak Bardhan - University of MiamiSuzanne Lyn Barker-Collo - Harvard UniversityTill Winfried Baernighausen - Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth HIGH, Heidelberg, GermanyHiba Jawdat Barqawi - University of SharjahLingkan Barua - Iran University of Medical SciencesMohammad-Mahdi Bastan - University of TehranSanjay Basu - Harvard UniversityShelly L. Bell - Universidade de São PauloIsabela M. Bensenor - Universidade de São PauloAlemshet Yirga Berhie - University of AucklandKebede A. Beyene - University of AucklandAkshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula - Jacksonville CollegeSonu Bhaskar - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationAjay Nagesh Bhat - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationVivek Bhat - Chandigarh UniversityGurjit Kaur Bhatti - Chandigarh UniversityJasvinder Singh Bhatti - Central University of PunjabAli Bijani - University of BergamoBoris Bikbov - University of BergamoMekuriawMesfin Birhan - Bahir Dar UniversityMulugeta M. Birhanu - University of BotswanaVeera R. Bitra - University of BotswanaArchith Boloor - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationHamed Borhany - Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenSusanne Breitner - German Cancer Research CenterHermann Brenner - German Cancer Research CenterRaffaele Bugiardini - Flinders UniversityNorma B. Bulamu - University of WaterlooZahid A. Butt - University of WaterlooLucas Scotta Cabral - Harvard UniversityFlorentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos - Harvard UniversityDaniela Calina - Hospital Italiano de Buenos AiresLuis Alberto Camera - Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Dept Internal Med, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaLuciana Aparecida Campos - Anhembi Morumbi UniversityIsmael Campos-Nonato - Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaAngelo Capodici - Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaFelix Carvalho - Universidade do PortoCarlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela - University of MilanAlberico L. Catapano - University of TriesteLuca Cegolon - University of TriesteJoshua Chadwick - Hallym UniversityChiranjib Chakraborty - University of British ColumbiaPromit Ananyo Chakraborty - University of British ColumbiaSandip Chakraborty - Jazan UniversityRama Mohan Chandika - University of GondarGashaw Sisay Chanie - University of TorontoVijay Kumar Chattu - University of TorontoAnis Ahmad Chaudhary - Harvard UniversityGerald Chi - Harvard UniversityFatemeh Chichagi - Virginia Commonwealth UniversityPatrick R. Ching - Virginia Commonwealth UniversityHitesh Chopra - Jawaharlal Nehru Medical CollegeSonali Gajanan Choudhari - Curtin UniversityEnayet Karim Chowdhury - Curtin UniversityDinh-Toi Chu - VNU Int Sch VNUIS, Interdisciplinary Res Grp Biomed & Hlth, Hanoi, VietnamSheng-Chia Chung - UCL, Dept Hlth Informat, London, EnglandAlyssa Columbus - Johns Hopkins UniversityMichael H. Criqui - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAlanna Gomes da Silva - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisMohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi - Iranian Center for Quantum TechnologiesOmid Dadras - University of WashingtonXiaochen Dai - University of WashingtonKoustuv Dalal - Mid Sweden UniversityLachlan L. Dalli - University of CataniaEmanuele D'Amico - University of CataniaMohsen Dashti - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesKairat Davletov - Kazakh National Medical UniversityVanessa De la Cruz-Gongora - Instituto Nacional de Salud PúblicaShayom Debopadhaya - Albany Medical Center HospitalIvan Delgado-Enciso - University of SarajevoEmina Dervisevic - University of SarajevoVinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu - Chettinad Academy of Research and EducationSyed Masudur Rahman Dewan - Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, PuneAmol S. Dhane - Sulaiman Al Rajhi CollegesMahmoud Dibas - Pham Ngoc Thach University of MedicineThanh Chi Do - College Station Medical CenterThao Huynh Phuong Do - Can Tho UniversitySushil Dohare - Alexandria UniversityMohamed Fahmy Doheim - Medical University of VarnaKlara Georgieva Dokova - College Station Medical CenterDeepa Dongarwar - University of TriesteMario D'Oria - University of TriesteOjas Prakashbhai Doshi - Sparta Cancer CenterRajkumar Prakashbhai Doshi - University of Health and Allied SciencesRobert Kokou Dowou - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationHaneil Larson Dsouza - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationSiddhartha Dutta - Medical University of SilesiaArkadiusz Marian Dziedzic - Cleveland ClinicAbdel Rahman E'mar - Cleveland Clin, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USADavid Edvardsson - La Trobe UniversityDefi Efendi - Airlangga UniversityFerry Efendi - Ain Shams UniversityNevine El Nahas - Ain Shams UniversityIslam Y. Elgendy - Harvard UniversityMuhammed Elhadi - University of TripoliChadi Eltaha - Ajman UniversityMohd. Elmagzoub Eltahir - Ajman UniversityTheophilus I. Emeto - Australian Institute of Tropical Health and MedicineNatalia Fabin - University of IbadanAdeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe - University of IbadanAyesha Fahim - Kazakh National Medical UniversityIldar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev - Northwestern UniversityJawad Fares - Northwestern UniversityPawan Sirwan Faris - Cihan University-ErbilNelsensius Klau Fauk - Kazakh National Medical UniversityTimur Fazylov - City University of Hong KongGinenus Fekadu - City University of Hong KongNuno Ferreira - University of NicosiaGetahun Fetensa - Wollega UniversityFlorian Fischer - University of L'AquilaMatteo Foschi - University of L'AquilaNi Kadek Yuni Fridayani - Taipei Medical UniversityAbduzhappar Gaipov - Hospital of the University of PennsylvaniaAvi A. Gajjar - Hospital of the University of PennsylvaniaAravind P. Gandhi - Federation UniversityBalasankar Ganesan - Federation UniversityRavindra Kumar Garg - King George's Medical UniversityMiglas Welay Gebregergis - Adigrat UniversityMesfin Gebrehiwot - Flinders UniversityTeferi Gebru Gebremeskel - Flinders UniversityMolla Getie - Addis Ababa UniversityDelaram J. Ghadimi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesFataneh Ghadirian - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesSulmaz Ghahramani - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesAfsaneh Ghasemzadeh - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesRamy Mohamed Ghazy - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesMaryam Gholamalizadeh - Mayo ClinicSherief Ghozy - Mayo ClinicArtyom Urievich Gil - Aga Khan UniversityJaleed Ahmed Gilani - Aga Khan UniversityElena V. Gnedovskaya - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesPouya Goleij - Universidade de São PauloAlessandra C. Goulart - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBarbara Niegia Garcia Goulart - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilShi-Yang Guan - College Station Medical CenterSapna Gupta - Global Virus NetworkFarrokh Habibzadeh - Global Virus NetworkMostafa Hadei - University of KufaNajah R. Hadi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart UniversitySamer Hamidi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart UniversityNasrin Hanifi - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesGraeme J. Hankey - The University of Western AustraliaNetanja I. Harlianto - Utrecht UniversityJosep Maria Haro - Parc Sanitari St Joan de Deu, Res Unit, Barcelona, SpainFaizul Hasan - Chulalongkorn UniversityHamidreza Hasani - Iran University of Medical SciencesMd Saquib Hasnain - Marwadi UniversityMahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei - Essen University HospitalJohannes Haubold - Essen University HospitalRasmus J. Havmoeller - University of WashingtonSimon I. Hay - University of WashingtonYoussef Hbid - UK Dementia Research InstituteGolnaz Heidari - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesMohammad Heidari - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesMehdi Hemmati - Georgetown UniversityYuta Hiraike - Hanoi Medical UniversityNguyen Quoc Hoan - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationRamesh Holla - Iran University of Medical SciencesMehdi Hosseinzadeh - Iran University of Medical SciencesSorin Hostiuc - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyJunjie Huang - Chinese University of Hong KongHong-Han Huynh - Asia UniversityBing-Fang Hwang - College Station Medical CenterSegun Emmanuel Ibitoye - University of IbadanNayu Ikeda - National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionAdalia Ikiroma - Kerman University of Medical SciencesMehran Ilaghi - Kerman University of Medical SciencesOlayinka Stephen Ilesanmi - University College Hospital, IbadanIrena M. Ilic - University of KragujevacMilena D. Ilic - University of KragujevacMd. Rabiul Islam - AIMST UniversityNahlah Elkudssiah Ismail - AIMST UniversityHiroyasu Iso - University of CataniaGaetano Isola - University of TsukubaMasao Iwagami - University of TsukubaLouis Jacob - Université Paris CitéAbdollah Jafarzadeh - The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterAkhil Jain - Dubai Health AuthorityAmmar Abdulrahman Jairoun - Dubai Health AuthorityMihajlo Jakovljevic - University of TasmaniaAbubakar Ibrahim Jatau - University of TasmaniaTalha Jawaid - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversitySathish Kumar Jayapal - Singapore Eye Research InstituteJost B. Jonas - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationNitin Joseph - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationMikk Jurisson - Krishna Institute of Medical SciencesVidya Kadashetti - University of WashingtonRizwan Kalani - University of WashingtonVineet Kumar Kamal - Johns Hopkins UniversityArun Kamireddy - Johns Hopkins UniversityTanuj Kanchan - The University of SydneyHimal Kandel - The University of SydneyJafar Karami - Montefiore Medical CenterIbraheem M. Karaye - Montefiore Medical CenterYeganeh Karimi - Iran University of Medical SciencesArman Karimi Behnagh - Iran University of Medical SciencesFaizan Zaffar Kashoo - Utrecht UniversityGbenga A. Kayode - Johns Hopkins UniversityFoad Kazemi - Johns Hopkins UniversityEmmanuelle Kesse-Guyot - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyYousef Saleh Khader - Hiroshima UniversityInn Kynn Khaing - Hiroshima UniversityFayaz Khan - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityMohammad Jobair Khan - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHaitham Khatatbeh - Yarmouk UniversityMoawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesHamid Reza Khayat Kashani - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyKhalid A. Kheirallah - Liaquat University of Medical & Health SciencesFeriha Fatima Khidri - Liaquat University of Medical & Health SciencesMoein Khormali - Beaumont Hospital, TroyAtulya Aman Khosla - Yonsei UniversityKwanghyun Kim - Yonsei UniversityYun Jin Kim - Tulane UniversityAdnan Kisa - Kristiania Univ Coll, Sch Hlth Sci, Oslo, NorwaySezer Kisa - OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan UniversityMika Kivimaki - University of HelsinkiAli-Asghar Kolahi - Shahid Beheshti UniversityFarzad Kompani - Children's Medical CenterOleksii Korzh - Philipps University of MarburgKarel Kostev - Philipps University of MarburgNikhil Kothari - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurKewal Krishan - Pondicherry UniversityVarun Krishna - Duke UniversityVijay Krishnamoorthy - Duke UniversityMohammed Kuddus - Kazakh National Medical UniversityMukhtar Kulimbet - Kazakh National Medical UniversitySetor K. Kunutsor - Satya Wacana Christian UniversityMaria Dyah Kurniasari - Satya Wacana Christian UniversityDian Kusuma - University of TurkuVille Kyto - University of TurkuCarlo La Vecchia - University of MilanChandrakant Lahariya - Universiti Brunei DarussalamDaphne Teck Ching Lai - Universiti Brunei DarussalamHanpeng Lai - Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalTri Laksono - University of HelsinkiTea Lallukka - University of HelsinkiKamaluddin Latief - Iran University of Medical SciencesKaveh Latifinaibin - Iran University of Medical SciencesNhi Huu Hanh Le - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityThao Thi Thu Le - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityMunjae Lee - Ajou UniversitySeung Won Lee - The University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonWei-Chen Lee - College Station Medical CenterYo Han Lee - Korea UniversityJacopo Lenzi - Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMatilde Leonardi - National Taiwan Normal UniversityMing-Chieh Li - University of TaipeiXiaopan Li - University of WashingtonStephen S. Lim - University of WashingtonJialing Lin - UNSW SydneyXuefeng Liu - University of CologneValerie Lohner - University of CologneLaszlo Lorenzovici - Universidade de São PauloPaulo A. Lotufo - Universidade Federal de Juiz de ForaGiancarlo Lucchetti - Universidade Federal de Juiz de ForaJay B. Lusk - Duke UniversityRicardo Lutzky Saute - Cihan University-ErbilHawraz Ibrahim M. Amin - Cihan University-ErbilArmaan K. Malhotra - University of TorontoKashish Malhotra - King Abdulaziz UniversityAhmad Azam Malik - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisDeborah Carvalho Malta - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisMohammad Ali Mansournia - IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoLorenzo Giovanni Mantovani - University of Health and Allied SciencesEmmanuel Manu - University of Health and Allied SciencesHamid Reza Marateb - University of IsfahanMirko Marino - University of MilanSeyed Farzad Maroufi - World Health Organization Regional Office for the AmericasRamon Martinez-Piedra - Pan Amer Hlth Org, Dept Noncommunicable Dis & Mental Hlth, Washington, DC USASanti Martini - University of ConcepciónMiquel Martorell - Monash University MalaysiaRoy Rillera Marzo - Monash University MalaysiaYasith Mathangasinghe - Central University of KeralaElezebeth Mathews - Central University of KeralaAndrea Maugeri - Queensland HealthSteven M. McPhail - Queensland HealthAsim Mehmood - BLK Super Speciality HospitalMan Mohan Mehndiratta - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesKamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesRitesh G. Menezes - King Saud UniversitySultan Ayoub Meo - The University of MelbourneAtte Meretoja - The University of MelbourneTomislav Mestrovic - University of KelaniyaChamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda - University of KelaniyaTomasz Miazgowski - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAna Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sa - Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Maternal Child Nursing & Publ Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilGiuseppe Minervini - University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Le Huu Nhat Minh - Taipei Medical UniversityAndreea Mirica - Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyErkin M. Mirrakhimov - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesAjay Kumar Mishra - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationPrasanna Mithra - New York University Abu DhabiAbdalla Z. Mohamed - New York University Abu DhabiAhmed Ismail Mohamed - New York University Abu DhabiAmeen Mosa Mohammad - University of DuhokSoheil Mohammadi - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesAbdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani - Ahmadu Bello UniversityShafiu Mohammed - Ahmadu Bello UniversityAli H. Mokdad - University of WashingtonSabrina Molinaro - University of JordanShaher Momani - University of JordanMohammad Ali Moni - Charles Sturt UniversityAmir Ali Moodi Ghalibaf - College Station Medical CenterMaryam Moradi - Iran University of Medical SciencesYousef Moradi - Kurdistan University of Medical SciencesPaula Moraga - Queensland University of TechnologyLidia Morawska - Queensland University of TechnologyAhmed Msherghi - Amity UniversityKavita Munjal - Amity UniversityChristopher J. L. Murray - University of WashingtonAhamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan - Flinders UniversityGanesh R. Naik - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesSoroush Najdaghi - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesNoureddin Nakhostin Ansari - University of LahoreShumaila Nargus - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesDelaram Narimani Davani - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesZuhair S. Natto - Harvard UniversityJavaid Nauman - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationNawsherwan - Xiamen UniversityVinod C. Nayak - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyAthare Nazri-Panjaki - Zahedan University of Medical SciencesRuxandra Irina Negoi - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacySoroush Nematollahi - Hanoi Medical UniversityCharles Richard James Newton - Duy Tan UniversityDuc Hoang Nguyen - Methodist Hosp, Cardiovasc Lab, Merrillville, IN USAHau Thi Hien Nguyen - Hanoi Medical UniversityHien Quang Nguyen - Methodist Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Dept, Merrillville, IL USAPhat Tuan Nguyen - Duy Tan UniversityVan Thanh Nguyen - Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthRobina Khan Niazi - International Islamic University, IslamabadYeshambel T. Nigatu - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAli Nikoobar - Keio UniversityAntonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sa - Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Clin Med, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilShuhei Nomura - Mayo ClinicJean Jacques Noubiap - University of California, San FranciscoFred Nugen - Mayo ClinicChimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam - Pfizer (United States)Bogdan Oancea - University of BucharestMichael Safo Oduro - Pfizer (United States)Tolulope R. Ojo-Akosile - The University of SydneyHassan Okati-Aliabad - Seoul National UniversitySylvester Reuben Okeke - The University of SydneyAkinkunmi Paul Okekunle - Seoul National UniversityAndrew T. Olagunju - Universidade de São PauloMuideen Tunbosun Olaiya - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroArao Belitardo Oliveira - Universidade de São PauloGlaucia Maria Moraes Oliveira - Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Cardiol Dept, Rio De Janeiro, BrazilAbdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba - Ahmadu Bello UniversityIsaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa - University of IbadanRaffaele Ornello - University of L'AquilaEsteban Ortiz-Prado - University Ferhat Abbas of SetifUchechukwu Levi Osuagwu - University of IbadanAmel Ouyahia - Baptist Hospital of MiamiMayowa O. Owolabi - JSS Academy of Higher Education and ResearchAhmad Ozair - Johns Hopkins UniversityMahesh PadukudruAlicia Padron-Monedero - Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIJagadish Rao Padubidri - University of NottinghamDemosthenes Panagiotakos - University of BernGeorgios D. Panos - University of NottinghamLeonidas D. Panos - University of BernIoannis Pantazopoulos - University of BernRomil R. Parikh - University of MinnesotaSeoyeon Park - Stanford UniversityJay Patel - University of LeedsUrvish K. Patel - Don Carlo Gnocchi FoundationDimitrios Patoulias - Aristotle University of ThessalonikiPaolo Pedersini - Norwegian Institute of Public HealthEmmanuel K. Peprah - New York UniversityGavin Pereira - Norwegian Institute of Public HealthArokiasamy Perianayagam - University of MilanNorberto Perico - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchSimone Perna - University of MilanFanny Emily Petermann-Rocha - Research Center of NeurologyAnil K. Philip - National Research Tomsk State UniversityMichael A. Piradov - Res Ctr Neurol, Moscow, RussiaEvgenii Plotnikov - University Medical Center GroningenRoman V. Polibin - College Station Medical CenterMaarten J. Postma - University Medical Center GroningenJalandhar Pradhan - National Institute of Technology RourkelaManya Prasad - Cihan University-ErbilJagadeesh Puvvula - University of PennsylvaniaNameer Hashim Qasim - Cihan University-ErbilGangzhen Qian - Gen Digital Inc. (United States)Alberto Raggi - Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaFakher Rahim - Alnoor Univ, Dept Med Lab Technol, Mousl, IraqVafa Rahimi-Movaghar - University of RajshahiMosiur Rahman - University of RajshahiMuhammad Aziz Rahman - Federation UniversityAmir Masoud Rahmani - Federation UniversityMohammad Rahmanian - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSathish Rajaa - Employees' State Insurance Model HospitalAli Rajabpour Sanati - Centre for Chronic Disease ControlPushp Lata Rajpoot - Jazan UniversityPrashant Rajput - Mansoura UniversityMahmoud Mohammed Ramadan - Mansoura UniversityShakthi Kumaran Ramasamy - Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSheena Ramazanu - Brigham and Women's HospitalAmey Rane - Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSina Rashedi - Brigham and Women's HospitalMohammad-Mahdi Rashidi - University of TehranDevarajan Rathish - University of WashingtonSalman Rawaf - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationChristian Razo - King Abdulaziz UniversityMurali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationElrashdy Redwan - King Abdulaziz UniversityGiuseppe Remuzzi - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchNazila Rezaei - University of TehranNegar Rezaei - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMohsen Rezaeian - Universidade Federal do CearáHermano Alexandre Lima Rocha - Univ Fed Ceara, Dept Community Hlth, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilJefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez - Univ Antioquia, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Medellin, ColombiaLeonardo Roever - Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMichele Romoli - Charles Sturt UniversityMarina Romozzi - Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreAllen Guy Ross - Charles Sturt UniversityHimanshu Sekhar Rout - Government of West BengalNitai Roy - Zagazig UniversityPriyanka Roy - Government of West BengalAly M. A. Saad - Zagazig UniversityZahra Saadatian - University of L'AquilaSiamak Sabour - University of SharjahSimona Sacco - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesBasema Ahmad Saddik - Sunnybrook Health Science CentreErfan Sadeghi - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesUsman Saeed - Sunnybrook Health Science CentreFatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari - University of SharjahAmirhossein Sahebkar - University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignPragyan Monalisa Sahoo - Universidade Federal do Espírito SantoMd Refat Uz Zaman Sajib - University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignLuciane B. Salaroli - National Taiwan UniversityMohamed A. Saleh - Mansoura UniversityYoseph Leonardo Samodra - Ain Shams UniversityVijaya Paul Samuel - University of BelgradeAbdallah M. Samy - Ain Shams UniversityMilena M. Santric-Milicevic - West Bengal State Council of Technical EducationAswini Saravanan - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurTanmay Sarkar - West Bengal State Council of Technical EducationGargi Sachin Sarode - Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Dept Oral Pathol & Microbiol, Pune, Maharashtra, IndiaSachin C. Sarode - The University of QueenslandBenn Sartorius - Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMaheswar Satpathy - Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaMarkus P. Schlaich - Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteIone Jayce Ceola Schneider - Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Hlth Sci, Ararangua, BrazilArt Schuermans - Massachusetts General HospitalSiddharthan Selvaraj - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesSubramanian Senthilkumaran - Doon UniversitySadaf G. Sepanlou - National Institutes of HealthYashendra Sethi - Karolinska InstitutetAllen Seylani - National Institutes of HealthAhmed Nabil Shaaban - Ajman UniversityMahan Shafie - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMoyad Jamal Shahwan - Ajman UniversityMasood Ali ShaikhSummaiya Zareen Shaikh - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurMuhammad Aaqib Shamim - Kazakh National Medical UniversityAnas Shamsi - Ajman UniversityAlfiya Shamsutdinova - Kazakh National Medical UniversityMohd Shanawaz - Jazan UniversityMohammed Shannawaz - Universität für Weiterbildung KremsAmin Sharifan - Universität für Weiterbildung KremsJavad Sharifi Rad - Korea UniversityVishal Sharma - Nitte UniversityBereket Beyene Shashamo - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationMahabalesh Shetty - Nitte UniversityPremalatha K. Shetty - Nitte UniversityMika Shigematsu - National Institute of Infectious DiseasesAminu Shittu - Northwestern UniversityIvy Shiue - Flinders UniversityNathan A. Shlobin - Northwestern UniversitySeyed Afshin Shorofi - Central University of PunjabEmmanuel Edwar Siddig - University of KhartoumBaljinder Singh - University of the PunjabParamdeep Singh - Central University of PunjabPuneetpal Singh - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurSurjit Singh - All India Institute of Medical SciencesFarrukh Sobia - Jazan UniversityRanjan Solanki - College Station Medical CenterShipra Solanki - Touro CollegeSoroush Soraneh - Urmia UniversityMichael Spartalis - National and Kapodistrian University of AthensSuresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy - Kandahar UniversityJeffrey D. Stanaway - University of WashingtonMuhammad Haroon Stanikzai - Griffith UniversityAntonina V. Starodubova - Fed Res Inst Nutr Biotechnol & Food Safety, Nutr & Dietet Dept, Moscow, RussiaJing Sun - Charles Sturt UniversityZhong Sun - Griffith UniversityChandan Kumar Swain - Laboratory for Biomedical NeurosciencesLukasz Szarpak - LUXMED Grp, Dept Clin Res & Dev, Warsaw, PolandPayam Tabaee Damavandi - Islamic Azad University, MashhadSeyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei - College Station Medical CenterSeyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh - Nebraska Medical CenterCeline Tabche - University of SharjahJabeen Taiba - Nebraska Medical CenterIman M. Talaat - National University of SingaporeJacques Lukenze Tamuzi - Stellenbosch UniversityKer-Kan Tan - Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Surg, Singapore, SingaporeMohamad-Hani Temsah - King Saud UniversityMasayuki Teramoto - Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreRamna Thakur - University of SouthamptonKavumpurathu Raman Thankappan - Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreRasiah Thayakaran - University of SouthamptonSathish Thirunavukkarasu - Emory UniversityJansje Henny Vera Ticoalu - University of CalgaryKrishna Tiwari - Jagiellonian UniversityMarcello Tonelli - University of CalgaryRoman Topor-Madry - Jagiellonian UniversityMarcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - Indiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisAn Thien Tran - College Station Medical CenterJasmine T. Tran - University of Massachusetts DartmouthThang Huu Tran - University of Massachusetts DartmouthNguyen Tran Minh Duc - Shiga University of Medical ScienceThomas Clement Truelsen - University of CopenhagenThien Tan Tri Tai Truyen - Can Tho UniversityDaniel Hsiang-Te Tsai - Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Sch Pharm, Tainan, TaiwanAtta Ullah - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationBrigid Unim - Federation UniversityBhaskaran Unnikrishnan - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityCarolyn Anne Unsworth - Mayo ClinicJibrin Sammani Usman - University of BahrainSanaz Vahdati - Mayo ClinicAsokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan - University of BahrainRohollah Valizadeh - Urmia UniversityJef Van den Eynde - Tampere UniversityJoe Varghese - National University of SingaporeTommi Juhani Vasankari - Johns Hopkins UniversityNarayanaswamy Venketasubramanian - National University of SingaporeDominique Vervoort - Johns Hopkins UniversityJorge Hugo Villafane - European Univ Madrid, Dept Physiotherapy, Villaviciosa De Odon, SpainManish Vinayak - King's College LondonSergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov - Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Russia, Dolgoprudny) - MIPTHatem A. Wafa - University of MiamiYasir Waheed - Haramaya UniversityWaseem Wahood - University of MiamiMandaras Tariku Walde - Haramaya UniversityYanzhong Wang - Innsbruck Medical UniversityNuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe - University of WashingtonPeter Willeit - St Thomas' HospitalAsrat Arja Wolde - University of WashingtonCharles D. A. Wolfe - St Thomas' HospitalYihun Miskir Wubie - University of Science and Technology of ChinaHong Xiao - UNSW SydneySuowen Xu - Univ Sci & Technol China, Dept Endocrinol, Hefei, Peoples R ChinaXiaoyue Xu - University of Science and Technology of ChinaKazumasa Yamagishi - University of TsukubaYuichiro Yano - Juntendo UniversityAmir Yarahmadi - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesHabib Yaribeygi - UNSW SydneySanni Yaya - The George Institute for Global HealthPengpeng Ye - UNSW SydneyDong Keon Yon - Kyung Hee UniversityNaohiro Yonemoto - Juntendo UniversityChuanhua Yu - Wuhan UniversityAurora Zanghi - University of California, San FranciscoIman Zare - Beijing Xuanwu Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalMichael Zastrozhin - University of California, San FranciscoChen Zhang - Wuhan UniversityYunquan Zhang - Wuhan UniversityZhi-Jiang Zhang - Tianjin Medical University General HospitalZhiqiang Zhang - Tianjin Medical University General HospitalHanqing Zhao - Kazakh National Medical UniversityShang Cheng Zhou - Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityAbzal Zhumagaliuly - Kazakh National Medical UniversityHafsa Zia - Ajman UniversityMagdalena Zielinska - University of WashingtonSamer H. Zyoud - Ajman UniversityGregory A. Roth - University of WashingtonValery L. Feigin - University of WashingtonGBD 2021 Global Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Risk Factors Collaborators
- Publication Details
- JAMA neurology, v 82(8), pp 765-787
- Publisher
- JAMA Network
- Number of pages
- 23
- Grant note
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenges Explorations Initiative; CGIAR
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- College of Medicine
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001678790100001
- Other Identifier
- 991022197297804721