Journal article
Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, its risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Lancet neurology, v 25(5), pp 451-468
27 Mar 2026
PMID: 41911930
Abstract
Meningitis remains the leading infectious cause of neurological disabilities globally, disproportionately affecting children younger than 5 years and populations in the African meningitis belt. Whereas previous global estimates focused on ten pathogen categories, this study presents the most comprehensive analysis to date, assessing the meningitis burden attributable to 17 causative pathogens based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework.
GBD is a systematic, scientific effort aimed at quantifying the comparative magnitude of health loss caused by diseases, injuries, and risk factors across age groups, sexes, and geographical locations over time. We estimated meningitis mortality using the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) and morbidity using DisMod-MR 2.1, incorporating data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, hospital data, and systematic reviews. Aetiology-specific estimates were generated with pathogen-linked case-fatality ratios and splined binomial regression models. Risk factor attribution was based on established risk–outcome pairs and population attributable fractions.
In 2023, there were 259 000 (95% uncertainty interval 202 000–335 000) global deaths and 2·54 million (2·20–2·93) incident cases of meningitis. Children younger than 5 years accounted for more than a third of deaths (86 600 [53 300–149 000]). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, non-polio enteroviruses, and other viruses were the leading causes of death, while non-polio enteroviruses caused the most cases. The four WHO-defined preventable meningitis pathogens of interest (S pneumoniae, N meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Group B streptococcus) contributed to 98 700 deaths (77 000–127 000) and 594 000 cases (514 000–686 000). Low birthweight, short gestation, and household air pollution were the top risk factors for meningitis-related mortality.
Although mortality and incidence have declined significantly since 1990, progress is insufficient to meet WHO 2030 targets. Despite marked progress in reducing bacterial meningitis via global vaccination campaigns, a substantial meningitis burden persists, attributable both to common pathogens such as S pneumoniae and N meningitidis and to emerging non-bacterial pathogens such as Candida spp and drug-resistant fungi. Achieving WHO goals will require sustained investment in surveillance, vaccination, maternal screening, and health-system strengthening, especially in high-burden settings.
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- Title
- Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, its risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
- Creators
- GBD 2023 Meningitis & Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (Collaboration)Sarah Brooke Sirota - University of WashingtonRose Grace Bender - University of WashingtonRegina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez - University of WashingtonAvina Vongpradith - University of WashingtonAmanda Movo - University of WashingtonLucien R Swetschinski - University of WashingtonDaniel T Araki - University of WashingtonChieh Han - University of WashingtonEve E Wool - University of WashingtonAhmed A.J. Jabbar - Erbil Polytechnic UniversityMohammad Amin Aalipour - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesHasan Aalruz - Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanMadineh Abbasi - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesMitra Abbasifard - Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesFaezeh Abbaspour - University of California, San FranciscoHedayat Abbastabar - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSamar Abd ElHafeez - Alexandria UniversityMohammed Altigani Abdalla - University of HullEmad M. Abdallah - Qassim UniversityNadin M.I. Abdel Razeq - University of JordanSherief Abd-Elsalam - Tanta UniversityOmar Ahmed Abdelwahab - Internal Medicine Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptMeriem Abdoun - University Ferhat Abbas of SetifArman Abdous - Islamic Azad University, KarajMostafa M. Abdrabou - Cairo UniversityJeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz - Komar University of Science and TechnologyRizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader - National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, IndiaAuwal Abdullahi - Bayero University KanoAbisola Esther Abdulmalik - University of Medical Sciences, OndoRezheen Fatah Abdulrahman - University of DuhokToufik Abdul-Rahman - Sumy State UniversityArmita Abedi - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesAsrat Agalu Abejew - Bahir Dar UniversitySyed Hani Abidi - Nazarbayev UniversityOlifan Zewdie Abil - University of Tennessee Health Science CenterOlumide Abiodun - Babcock UniversityRahim Abo Kasem - University of LouisvilleRichard Gyan Aboagye - University of Health and Allied SciencesHassan Abolhassani - Children's Medical CenterAbdullahi Tunde Aborode - Mississippi State UniversityNagah M. Abourashed - University of Ha'ilDariush Abtahi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesZhanar Abu - Kazakh National Medical UniversityRana Kamal Abu Farha - Applied Science Private UniversitySamir Abu Rumeileh - Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergFuad Hamdi A. Abuadas - Jouf UniversityAminu Kende Abubakar - St. Luke's International UniversityIbrahim Banaru Abubakar - Department of Family Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, NigeriaNermeen Abu-Elala - Cairo UniversityEman Abu-Gharbieh - University of SharjahSawsan Abuhammad - University of SharjahAhmad Y Abuhelwa - University of SharjahHana J Abukhadijah - Hamad bin Khalifa UniversityDina Abushanab - Hamad Medical CorporationAnirudh Balakrishna Acharya - University of SharjahKrishna Prasad Acharya - Department of Livestock ServicesSwetha Acharya - JSS Academy of Higher Education and ResearchMeshack Achore - Hofstra UniversityLisa C Adams - Technical University of MunichIsaac Yeboah Addo - UNSW SydneyDavid Adedia - University of Health and Allied SciencesKamoru Ademola Adedokun - Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterOyelola A Adegboye - Charles Darwin UniversityNurudeen A Adegoke - The University of SydneyVictor Adekanmbi - Cardiff UniversityOlumide Thomas Adeleke - Bowen UniversityMiracle Ayomikun Adesina - University of IbadanRidwan Olamilekan Adesola - University of MissouriJuliana Bunmi Adetunji - Osun State UniversityIdowu Peter Adewumi - Olusegun Agagu University of Science and TechnologyTemitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa - University of Medical Sciences, OndoAtman Adiba - National Agricultural Research InstituteUsha Adiga - Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & ResearchMohd Adnan - University of Ha'ilQorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani - Padjadjaran UniversityPrince Owusu Adoma - University of Education, WinnebaGiuseppina Affinito - Federico II University HospitalAanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi - Memphis Center For Reproductive HealthMuhammad Sohail Afzal - Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, PakistanSaira Afzal - King Edward Memorial HospitalGizachew Beykaso Agafari - Wachemo UniversitySepehr Aghajanian - Alborz University of Medical SciencesWilliams Agyemang-Duah - Queen's UniversityBright Opoku Ahinkorah - University of Technology SydneyAqeel Ahmad - Shaqra UniversityDanish Ahmad - Australian National UniversityFaisal Ahmad - World Health Organization - PakistanKhurshid Ahmad - Qassim UniversityMuayyad M Ahmad - University of JordanSajjad Ahmad - Abasyn UniversitySuhaib Ahmad - Department of General Surgery, School of Surgery Wales, Bangor, UKTauseef Ahmad - Zhejiang UniversityAli Ahmadi - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesNegar Sadat Ahmadi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSepideh Ahmadi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesAmir Mahmoud Ahmadzade - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesAyman Ahmed - University of KhartoumGasha Salih Ahmed - University of Human DevelopmentHaroon Ahmed - COMSATS University IslamabadMehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed - Majmaah UniversityMeqdad Saleh Ahmed - University of DuhokMuktar Beshir Ahmed - Flinders UniversityMushood Ahmed - Rawalpindi Medical UniversityNaveed Ahmed - University of TabukNesredin Ahmed - Haramaya UniversityShahzaib Ahmed - East Carolina UniversitySyed Anees Ahmed - East Carolina UniversityOluwasefunmi Akeju - University of OxfordRoland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe - Ladoke Akintola University of TechnologyMuhammad Nadeem Akhtar - University of LahoreMohammed Ahmed Akkaif - Fudan UniversityHammad Akram - Ventria Bioscience (United States)Salah Al Awaidy - Middle East CollegeSyed Mahfuz Al Hasan - College Station Medical CenterYazan Al Thaher - Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, JordanOmar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi - Sultan Qaboos UniversityMohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi - The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonMuaaz M Alajlani - Syrian Private UniversityZiyad Al-Aly - United States Department of Veterans AffairsMohammad Khursheed Alam - Jouf UniversityZufishan Alam - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart UniversityFahad Mashhour Alanezi - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityTurki M Alanzi - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityJude Oluwapelumi Alao - Auckland University of TechnologyChristoper A.A. Alarcon-Ruiz - Universidad San Ignacio de LoyolaFahmi Y Al-Ashwal - Al-Ayen Iraqi UniversitySeyed Mohammad Amin Alavi - Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesMohammed Albashtawy - Al al-Bayt UniversityNader Al-Dewik - Hamad Medical CorporationWafa A Aldhaleei - Mayo Clinic in ArizonaShereen M Aleidi - University of SharjahFentahun Alemnew - Bahir Dar UniversityAyman Al-Eyadhy - Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaAli M Alfalki - University of South CarolinaFahad D Algahtani - University of Ha'ilAbdelazeem M Algammal - Suez Canal UniversityNma Bida Alhaji - Cancer Genomics CentreAshraf Alhumaidi - Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityFahad A. Alhumaydhi - Qassim UniversityBeriwan Abdulqadir Ali - Erbil Polytechnic UniversityHaroon Muhammad Ali - University of MalakandKamran Ali - Qatar UniversityLiaqat Ali - National University of Medical SciencesMohammad Daud Ali - University of Management and TechnologyMohammed Usman Ali - University of MaiduguriSyed Shujait Ali - University of SwatMontaha Al-Iede - University of JordanSheikh Mohammad Alif - Federation UniversityMina Alimohammadi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesHamid Alinejad Rokny - UNSW SydneyMorteza Alipour - Biomedical Physics Group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanySamah W Al-Jabi - An-Najah National UniversitySulaiman F. Aljasir - Qassim UniversityMoath Saleh Aljohani - Qassim UniversitySyed Mohamed Aljunid - Universiti Tun Abdul RazakMayson H. Alkhatib - University of NizwaKhaled S. Allemailem - Qassim UniversityMohammed Z. Allouh - United Arab Emirates UniversityWesam Taher Almagharbeh - University of TabukSabah Al-Marwani - Independent Consultant, Amman, JordanJoseph Uy Almazan - Nazarbayev UniversityHesham M Al-Mekhlafi - University of MalayaAmr Almobayed - University of MiamiKhaldoon Aied Alnawafleh - University of TabukHasan Yaser Alniss - University of SharjahMohammad R Alosta - Zarqa UniversityAhmad Rajeh Al-Qudimat - Hamad Medical CorporationRami H Al-Rifai - United Arab Emirates UniversityIntima Alrimawi - Georgetown UniversitySahel Majed Alrousan - Ministry of FinanceMohammed A Alsabri - Sana'a UniversityNajim Z Alshahrani - University of JeddahAbdalkarem Fedgash Alsharari - Jouf UniversityZaid Altaany - Higher Colleges of TechnologyAwais Altaf - University of LahoreJaffar A Al-Tawfiq - Saudi Aramco Medical Services OrganizationKhalid A Altirkawi - University of SharjahNelson Alvis-Guzman - University of CartagenaMohammad Al-Wardat - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyYaser Mohammed Al-Worafi - Fakeeh College for Medical SciencesHany Aly - Cleveland ClinicMohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyAdel S Al-Zubairi - Sana'a UniversityEkiyor Joseph Amafah - University of LondonMasoud Aman Mohammadi - Urmia University of Medical SciencesAmr Amin - University of SharjahSaeed Amini - Imam Khomeini HospitalKafayat Aminu - University of IbadanMajid Aminzare - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesSohrab Amiri - Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesAyodeji Amobonye - Kaunas University of TechnologyGaniyu Adeniyi Amusa - University of JosFilippos Anagnostakis - University of PennsylvaniaEtsay Woldu Anbesu - Samara UniversityRobert Ancuceanu - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyDeanna Anderlini - The University of QueenslandAbhishek Anil - All India Institute of Medical Sciences BhubaneswarDr. Prapti Anjana - Charotar University of Science and TechnologyBoluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa - University of Medical Sciences, OndoIyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa - Olusegun Agagu University of Science and TechnologySaeid Anvari - Guilan University of Medical SciencesSaleha Anwar - Jamia Millia IslamiaRazique Anwer - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversityAnayochukwu Edward Anyasodor - Charles Sturt UniversityGeminn Louis Carace Apostol - Department of HealthWalter Appati - Komfo Anokye Teaching HospitalJalal Arabloo - Iran University of Medical SciencesAleksandr Y Aravkin - University of WashingtonAbdulfatai Aremu - University of IlorinJesu Arockiaraj - SRIMahwish Arooj - University of LahoreAnton A Artamonov - Institute of Biomedical ProblemsNurila Aryntayeva - Kazakh National Medical UniversityMahsa Asadi Anar - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSyed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq - Alfaisal UniversityMelat Tesfaye Asebot - Johns Hopkins UniversityShewatatek Melaku Asefa - Bahir Dar UniversitySyed Amir Ashraf - University of Ha'ilTahira Ashraf - Pioneer Corporation (Japan)Mitra Ashrafi - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesBilal Aslam - Lahore General HospitalMuhammad Shahzad Aslam - Xiamen University MalaysiaZelalem Asmare - Injibara UniversityBatyrbek Assembekov - Kazakh National Medical UniversityOmer Atac - Istanbul Medipol UniversitySeyyed Shamsadin Athari - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesMaha Moh'd Wahbi Atout - Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, JordanAlok Atreya - Lumbini Medical CollegeJulie Alaere Atta - The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonZeenah A Atwan - University of BasrahMatteo Augello - University of MilanAvinash Aujayeb - Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation TrustKhursheed Aurangzeb - King Saud UniversitySana Javaid Awan - University of LahoreAndargie Abate Awoke - Bahir Dar UniversityYusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo - Kwara State UniversityAKM Azad - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversityArian Azadnia - Kurdistan University of Medical SciencesAli Azargoonjahromi - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesSadat Abdulla Aziz - Cihan University-ErbilAmin Azizan - Tehran University of Medical SciencesGiridhara Rathnaiah Babu - Qatar UniversityMuhammad Badar - Gomal UniversityAlaa Aboelnour Badran - Damietta UniversityKhlood K Baghlaf - King Abdulaziz UniversityRazieh Bahreini - Pacific University OregonAtif Amin Baig - Management and Science UniversityMohamad Amin Bakhshali - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesSenthilkumar Balakrishnan - Uttarakhand State Council for Science and TechnologyMohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani - Kerman University of Medical SciencesAleksandra Barac - University of BelgradeShirin Barati - Saveh University of Medical SciencesMainak Bardhan - University of MiamiSuzanne Lyn Barker-Collo - School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandHiba Jawdat Barqawi - University of SharjahAmadou Barrow - University of the GambiaMuhammad Irfan Bashir - Sultan Zainal Abidin UniversityAzadeh Bashiri - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesRehana Basri - Jouf UniversityQuique Bassat - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis AvançatsMohammad-Mahdi Bastan - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSai Batchu - Cooper University HospitalPrapthi Persis Bathini - Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, IndiaAbdul-Monim Batiha - King Khalid UniversityRavi Batra - University of Nevada, Las VegasMahdis Bayat - Pasteur Institute of IranAbdulrahman S Bazaid - University of Ha'ilNeeraj Bedi - D.Y. Patil UniversityNarasimha M Beeraka - Sechenov UniversityJina Behjati - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesPayam Behzadi - Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods BranchAsnake Gashaw Belayneh - Bahir Dar UniversityMelesse Belayneh - Bahir Dar UniversitySamir Bele - Madurai Kamaraj UniversityMuhammad Bashir Bello - King Abdullah International Medical Research CenterOlorunjuwon Omolaja Bello - Olusegun Agagu University of Science and TechnologyApostolos Beloukas - University of West AtticaSamiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune - BRAC UniversityAbiye Assefa Berihun - Johns Hopkins UniversityAmiel Nazer C Bermudez - University of the Philippines ManilaPaulo J G Bettencourt - Universidade Católica PortuguesaAshish Bhargava - Wayne State UniversitySonu Bhaskar - National Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterArushee Bhatnagar - Family Medicine Department, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, USAPriyadarshini Bhattacharjee - Newcastle UniversityShuvarthi Bhattacharjee - University of BrightonAshmin Hari Bhattarai - University of British ColumbiaGurjit Kaur Bhatti - Chandigarh UniversityManpreet Singh Bhatti - Guru Nanak Dev UniversityEshetie Melese Birru - The Kids Research Institute AustraliaTrupti Bodhare - All India Institute of Medical SciencesArchith Boloor - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationParia Bolourinejad - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesMina Borran - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesSamuel Adolf Bosoka - University of Health and Allied SciencesAlejandro Botero Carvajal - Universidad Santiago de CaliSouad Bouaoud - University Ferhat Abbas of SetifMeriem Boukhiam - Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Science, Casablanca, MoroccoNikolay Ivanovich Briko - Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, RussiaColin Stewart Brown - HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU, & Sepsis Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UKLinh Phuong Bui - Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and PopulationFelix Busch - Technical University of MunichYasser Bustanji - University of JordanLuis Alberto Cámera - Hospital Italiano de Buenos AiresAngelo Capodici - Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaAndrea Carugno - University of InsubriaCristina G Carvalheiro - Universidade de São PauloFelix Carvalho - Universidade do PortoFerrán Catalá-López - Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, SpainLuca Cegolon - University of TriesteMuthia Cenderadewi - James Cook UniversityAchille Cernigliaro - Ospedale Sant AntonioJoshua Chadwick - National Institute of EpidemiologyChiranjib Chakraborty - Adamas UniversitySandip Chakraborty - State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, IndiaVijay Kumar Chattu - Semey Medical UniversityLam Duc Chau - The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonAnis Ahmad Chaudhary - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversitySirshendu Chaudhuri - Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, IndiaProf. Akhilanand Chaurasia - King George's Medical UniversityHana Chen - Curtin UniversityHaowei Chen - Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, ChinaHui Chen - Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalNicholas WS Chew - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporePatrick R Ching - Virginia Commonwealth UniversityWilliam C S Cho - Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, ChinaBryan Chong - Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeHitesh Chopra - Chitkara UniversityDinh-Toi Chu - The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet NamTing-Wu Chuang - Taipei Medical UniversityChidozie Williams Chukwu - Georgia Southern UniversityEric Chung - Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaSunghyun Chung - Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USAClaudia Cosma - University of FlorenceNatalia Cruz-Martins - University of MinhoOmid Dadras - Government of the Northern TerritoryEphrem Mebratu Dagnew - Debre Markos UniversityMulat Teferi Dagnew - University of GondarXiaochen Dai - University of WashingtonEmanuele D'Amico - University of FoggiaYohannes Tefera Damtew - University of South AustraliaAnh Kim Dang - Duy Tan UniversityRoy Arokiam Daniel - Employees' State Insurance Model HospitalLucio D'Anna - Imperial College LondonPojsakorn Danpanichkul - Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USASamuel E Danso - Ghana Health ServiceSamuel Demissie Darcho - Haramaya UniversityLatefa Ali Dardas - University of JordanAso Mohammad Darwesh - Chitkara UniversitySaswati Das - Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, IndiaDimash Davletov - Kazakh National Medical UniversitySindhura Deekonda - Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USAMarco Del Riccio - University of FlorenceIvan Delgado-Enciso - School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, MexicoDessalegn Demeke - Bahir Dar UniversityAndreas K Demetriades - University of EdinburghTadios Niguss Derese - Research and Training Directorate, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEmina Dervišević - University of SarajevoMuamer Dervišević - COMSATS University IslamabadGirmay Desalegn - University of Maryland School of MedicineMitiku Desalegn - Wachemo UniversityVinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu - Chettinad Academy of Research and EducationPradeep Kumar Devarakonda - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiDevananda Devegowda - SRISyed Masudur Rahman Dewan - University of DhakaArkadeep Dhali - Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustAmol S Dhane - Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, PuneMandira Lamichhane Dhimal - Research Department, Planetary Health Research Centre, Kathmandu, NepalMeghnath Dhimal - Goethe University FrankfurtSameer Dhingra - Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur, Hajipur, IndiaStefano Di Bella - University of TriesteGiuseppe Di Martino - University of Chieti-PescaraAntonello Di Paolo - University of PisaMarcello Di Pumpo - Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreDiana Dias da Silva - Escola Superior de Saúde (Higher School of Health), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (Polytechnic Institute of Porto), Porto, PortugalHoa Thi Do - Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet NamHuyen Phuc Do - VinUniversityMai Ngoc Do - Vietnam National University, HanoiThao Huynh Phuong Do - Can Tho University of Medicine and PharmacySushil Dohare - Jazan UniversityKlara Georgieva Dokova - Medical University of VarnaChristiane Dolecek - University of OxfordFariba Dorostkar - Iran University of Medical SciencesWendel Mombaque dos Santos - Hospital Alemão Oswaldo CruzOjas Prakashbhai Doshi - Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, USARobert Kokou Dowou - University of Health and Allied SciencesAshel Chelsea Dsouza - Bangalore Medical College and Research InstituteEleonora Dubljanin - Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaJennifer Dunne - Curtin UniversitySenbagam Duraisamy - SRIOyewole Christopher Durojaiye - University of SheffieldSiddhartha Dutta - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RajkotOsamudiamen Ebohon - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USATim Eckmanns - Robert Koch InstituteAbdelaziz Ed-Dra - Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, MoroccoCynthia Edeh - Johns Hopkins UniversityFerry Efendi - Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, IndonesiaNattwut Ekapirat - University of OxfordMichael Ekholuenetale - University of PortsmouthSeraphine Mojoko Eko - University of BueaTemitope Cyrus Ekundayo - University of Medical Sciences, OndoRabie Adel El Arab - Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaIbrahim Farahat El Bayoumy - Tanta UniversityMaysaa El Sayed Zaki - Mansoura UniversityAhmed Eldaboush - University of PennsylvaniaMuhammed Elhadi - University of SeoulYasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi - United Arab Emirates UniversityMohamed Elhoumed - National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, MauritaniaChristelle Elias - Hospices Civils de LyonOmar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy - Alexandria UniversityMohamed Hassan Elnaem - School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UKMohammed Elshaer - Mansoura UniversityIbrahim Elsohaby - City University of Hong KongChadi Eltaha - Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USAAbdelgawad Salah Eltahawy - Damanhour UniversityChristopher Imokhuede Esezobor - University of LagosMajid Eslami - Semnan University of Medical SciencesHeidar Fadavian - Tarbiat Modares UniversityAdeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe - University of IbadanQiping Fan - Clemson UniversityNiloofar Faraji - Guilan University of Medical SciencesMohammad Fareed - Almaarefa UniversityJawad Fares - Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USAAisha Farhana - Jouf UniversityFolorunso Oludayo Fasina - University of PretoriaModupe Margaret Fasina - Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinZareen Fatima - University of LahoreNicholas A Feasey - Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineGelana Fekadu - Haramaya UniversityGinenus Fekadu - City University of Hong KongPietro Ferrara - University of MilanNuno Ferreira - University of NicosiaGetahun Fetensa - Wollega UniversityClaudio Fiorilla - University of Naples Federico IIFlorian Fischer - Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinMarco Fonzo - University of PaduaCelia Fortuna Rodrigues - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, PortugalMatteo Foschi - Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, ItalySridevi G - All India Institute of Medical Sciences GorakhpurPeter Andras Gaal - Semmelweis UniversityMuktar A Gadanya - Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, NigeriaMárió Gajdács - University of SzegedDhanraj Ganapathy - Saveetha UniversityShivaprakash Gangachannaiah - Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, IndiaXiang Gao - Brigham and Women's HospitalBashiru Garba - Usmanu Danfodiyo UniversityDavid Garcia-Azorin - Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, SpainJacopo Garlasco - University of VeronaRupesh K Gautam - Centre for Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, IndiaFederica Gazzelloni - Independent Consultant, Rome, ItalyFeven Sahle Gebre - Addis Ababa UniversityNsikakabasi Samuel George - Jagiellonian UniversityBradford D Gessner - Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USAGenanew K Getahun - Menelik II Medical and Health Science CollegeKalab Yigermal Gete - Bahir Dar UniversityKeyghobad Ghadiri - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesKazem Ghaffari - Tehran University of Medical SciencesArin Ghamkhar - Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IranLobna Gharaibeh - Amman Arab UniversityMoein Ghasemi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesRamy Mohamed Ghazy - Alexandria UniversityArshia Ghodrati - University of Illinois ChicagoNasim Gholizadeh - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesJaleed Ahmed Gilani - Aga Khan University, Karachi, PakistanSyed Abdullah Gilani - University of NizwaBikash Ranjan Giri - Department of Zoology, KKS Women's College, Balasore, IndiaAlessandro Girombelli - Ospedale SS. AnnunziataLaszlo Göbölös - Cleveland ClinicKimiya Gohari - Tarbiat Modares UniversityMahaveer Golechha - Indian Institute of Public Health GandhinagarPouya Goleij - Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, IranYitayal Ayalew Goshu - Debre Tabor UniversityGiovanni Guarducci - Medical Directorate, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, ItalyMohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari - University of SulaimaniKabiru Abubakar Gulma - Euclid UniversityDamitha Asanga Gunawardane - University of PeradeniyaZheng Guo - Vanderbilt University Medical CenterAnish Kumar Gupta - Max Super Speciality HospitalLalit Gupta - Maulana Azad Medical CollegeSapna Gupta - Shriram Institute for Industrial ResearchSwati Gupta - Department of Microbiology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, IndiaVivek Kumar Gupta - Macquarie UniversityRoberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo - Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, BrazilJose Guzman-Esquivel - Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Segurity, Colima, MexicoAdrina Habibzadeh - Fasa University of Medical SciencesAwoke Derbie Habteyohannes - Bahir Dar UniversityMostafa Hadei - Tehran University of Medical SciencesNajah R Hadi - University of KufaZahra Hadian - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesZerai Hagos Gebrehiwot - University of BanguiNguyen Hai Nam - Thong Nhat HospitalAddisalem Haile - Arba Minch UniversityKirubel Tesfaye Hailu - University College CorkAbdulsalam M Halboup - University of Science and Technology, Sana’aPritam Halder - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchHassen Mosa Halil - Health Sciences Department of Midwifery, Werabe University, Werabe, EthiopiaIslam M Hamad - American University of MadabaNadia M Hamdy - Ain Shams UniversityMohamed Hamed - King Abdulaziz UniversityMasoud Noroozi - Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health SystemsSajid Hameed - Green International University
- Publication Details
- Lancet neurology, v 25(5), pp 451-468
- Publisher
- Elsevier Ltd
- Number of pages
- 18
- Grant note
- Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and UK Department of Health and Social Care
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems
- Other Identifier
- 991022172971204721