Journal article
Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to suboptimal diet, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study
Nature medicine, v 32(4), pp 1454-1478
Apr 2026
PMID: 41912805
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with dietary risks being its most significant modifiable factor. Here, using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2023, we estimated the mortality and disability-adjusted life years from diet-related IHD across 204 countries. In 2023, a suboptimal diet was responsible for 4.06 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.74–6.22) IHD deaths and 96.84 million (18.82–142.52) IHD disability-adjusted life years. The global age-standardized death rate of IHD attributable to suboptimal diet decreased by 43.92% (95% UI 34.44–53.23) per 100,000 population from 1990 to 2023. Among dietary factors, low intake of nuts and seeds (9.87, 95% UI 2.84–17.12 deaths per 100,000 population), low whole grains (9.22, 4.73–13.67), low fruits (7.25, 1.54–13.34) and high sodium (7.15, 0.92–17.97) were primary contributors to IHD deaths. The burden was particularly pronounced in low- and middle-sociodemographic index countries. By disentangling dietary risk factors, we identified the portion of IHD burden directly modifiable through food interventions.
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- Title
- Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to suboptimal diet, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study
- Creators
- GBD 2023 IHD & Dietary Risk Factors Collaborators (Collaboration)Mohammed A Alsabri - Drexel University, College of MedicineDong Keon Yon - Kyung Hee UniversityMin Seo Kim - Broad InstituteAli H. Mokdad - Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United StatesSa’ed H. Zyoud - An-Najah National UniversityZhiyong Zou - Peking UniversityGhazal Zoghi - Hormozgan University of Medical SciencesMagdalena Zielińska - Medical University of WarsawAbzal Zhumagaliuly - Kazakh National Medical UniversityBin Zhu - Southern University of Science and TechnologyXiao Dong Zhou - Wenzhou Medical UniversityShuduo Zhou - Peking UniversityClaire Chenwen Zhong - Chinese University of Hong KongAnthony Zhong - Harvard UniversityHanqing Zhao - Hebei UniversityZhiqiang Zhang - Tianjin Medical University General HospitalYunquan Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyLiqun Zhang - School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, ChinaCasper J. P Zhang - University of Hong KongSalih M.Mustafa Salih Zebari - Cihan University-ErbilMohammed Zawiah - Northern Border UniversityMohammed G. M Zeariya - Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptAurora Zanghì - University of CataniaChuanhua Yu - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaMohammed Y. Youssef - Philadelphia College of Osteopathic MedicineNaohiro Yonemoto - Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, JapanDehui Yin - Xuzhou Medical CollegeSubah Abderehim Yesuf - St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical CollegePengpeng Ye - The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaYuichi Yasufuku - The University of OsakaHabib Yaribeygi - Semnan University of Medical SciencesYuichiro Yano - Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, JapanKazumasa Yamagishi - University of TsukubaGalal Yahya - Zagazig UniversityXiaoyue Xu - UNSW SydneySuowen Xu - University of Science and Technology of ChinaWanqing Xie - Anhui Medical UniversityYihun Miskir Wubie - Bahir Dar UniversityZenghong Wu - Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyFelicia Wu - Michigan State UniversityTewodros Eshete Wonde - University of Technology SydneyMarcin W. Wojewodzic - University of OsloPeter Willeit - Innsbruck Medical UniversityNuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe - Rajarata University of Sri LankaDakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe - University of ColomboAnggi Lukman Wicaksana - Universitas Gadjah MadaAndrea Werdecker - Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, GermanyToyiba Hiyaru Wassie - Bahir Dar UniversityAhmed Bilal Waqar - University of LahoreMary Njeri Wanjau - Griffith UniversityYanzhong Wang - King's College LondonXingxin Wang - Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineXing Wang - Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineYasir Waheed - Széchenyi István University, Gyor, HungaryIsidora S. Vujcic - Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaLoc Tri Vu - Tân Tạo UniversityManish Vinayak - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiDominique Vervoort - Johns Hopkins UniversityGeorgios Ioannis Verras - University of SouthamptonMadhur Verma - All India Institute of Medical SciencesTommi Juhani Vasankari - Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FinlandShoban Babu Varthya - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurJoe Varghese - Jazan UniversityJef Van den Eynde - Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumAsokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan - University of BahrainJibrin Sammani Usman - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityDipan Uppal - North Shore University HospitalEra Upadhyay - Amity University JaipurDinesh Upadhya - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationMuhammad Umair - King Abdullah International Medical Research CenterAniefiok John Udoakang - Olusegun Agagu University of Science and TechnologyStefanos Tyrovolas - School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongMunkhtuya Tumurkhuu - Wake Forest UniversityAbdul Rohim Tualeka - University of SurabayaThien Tan Tri Tai Truyen - Can Tho UniversityDomenico Trico - University of PisaNguyen Tran Minh Duc - Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet NamThang Huu Tran - University of Massachusetts DartmouthQuynh Thuy Huong Tran - Kansai Medical UniversityNghia Minh Tran - Children's Hospital 2Khaled Trabelsi - University of JordanMarcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, IndiaMathilde Touvier - Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, FranceMarcello Tonelli - Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CanadaSojit Tomo - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurKrishna Tiwari - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurJansje Henny Vera Ticoalu - Faculty of Public HealthRasiah Thayakaran - University of SouthamptonRekha Thapar - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationRajshree Thapa - Eastern HealthKavumpurathu Raman Thankappan - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, IndiaLakshmi Thangavelu - Saveetha UniversityPugazhenthan Thangaraju - All India Institute of Medical Sciences RaipurRamna Thakur - Indian Institute of Technology MandiMasayuki Teramoto - Northwestern UniversityMohamad Hani Temsah - King Saud UniversityNathan Y. Tat - Building Engineering and Science TalentHaosu Tang - Chinese Academy of SciencesJacques Lukenze Tamuzi - Stellenbosch UniversityMircea Tampa - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyIman M. Talaat - University of SharjahSooji Lee - Sungkyunkwan UniversityHayeon Lee - Kyung Hee UniversityYejun Son - Kyung Hee University
- Publication Details
- Nature medicine, v 32(4), pp 1454-1478
- Publisher
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC
- Number of pages
- 42
- Grant note
- Gates Foundation Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Queensland Department of Health, Australia Yonsei Fellowship Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea: RS-2024-00509257, IITP-2026-RS-2024-00438239 Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea: RS-2025-02220492
This study was funded by the Gates Foundation, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Queensland Department of Health, Australia. This work was supported by the Yonsei Fellowship, funded by Lee Youn Jae (to J.I.S.). This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT (RS-2024-00509257 and IITP-2026-RS-2024-00438239 to D.K.Y.), the Ministry of Health & Welfare (RS-2025-02220492 to D.K.Y.), Republic of Korea. The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. All authors had full access to the study data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- College of Medicine
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001774679500001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105035849165
- Other Identifier
- 991022184874704721