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Heat vulnerability and leaf traits affect litter decomposition across an urban heat island in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Heat vulnerability and leaf traits affect litter decomposition across an urban heat island in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Dana Frankenstein, Dylan Paley, Dane C. Ward, Michelle Gannon and Shelby A. Rinehart
Urban ecosystems, v 29(1), p5
01 Feb 2026
url
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-025-01870-9View
Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open

Abstract

Biomedical and Life Sciences Nature Conservation Urban Ecology Ecology Environmental Management Life Sciences
Urbanization is rapidly transforming ecosystem processes by altering environmental conditions, including increasing temperatures due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature, may alter the rates of critical ecosystem processes and functions, including the decomposition of leaf litter. Additionally, variability in leaf litter quality may interact with changing environmental conditions, further altering rates of leaf litter decay across urban landscapes. Thus, we used a gradient of heat vulnerability (a proxy for the UHI) across the city of Philadelphia, PA, USA to evaluate how urbanization and leaf litter quality may affect leaf litter decomposition rates. Specifically, at four sites ranging in their heat vulnerability index, we deployed tea bags (i.e., green and rooibos) and natural leaf litter bags containing either Gingko biloba (hereafter, gingko), Liquidambar styraciflua (hereafter, sweetgum), Platanus occidentalis (hereafter, sycamore) or Quercus rubra (hereafter, red oak). Heat vulnerability and leaf litter species both affected the rate of leaf litter decomposition. Specifically, as site heat vulnerability increases natural leaf litter decomposition decreases; however, tea bag decomposition was unaffected by site heat vulnerability. Additionally, natural leaf litter species decompose at different rates, with species having more labile compounds (i.e., gingko and sweetgum) decomposing faster than species having more recalcitrant compounds (i.e., sycamore and red oak). Overall, our findings contribute to the growing discussion regarding the effects of urbanization on ecosystem processes and highlight the complexity of predicting decomposition processes in altered landscapes.

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

This publication has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:

#2 Zero Hunger
#15 Life on Land
#14 Life Below Water
#13 Climate Action

InCites Highlights

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Collaboration types
Domestic collaboration
Web of Science research areas
Biodiversity Conservation
Ecology
Environmental Sciences
Urban Studies
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