Journal article
MULTIWAVELENGTH STUDY OF QUIESCENT STATES OF Mrk 421 WITH UNPRECEDENTED HARD X-RAY COVERAGE PROVIDED BY NuSTAR IN 2013
The Astrophysical journal, v 819(2), p156
09 Mar 2016
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
ABSTRACT We present coordinated multiwavelength observations of the bright, nearby BL Lacertae object Mrk 421 taken in 2013 January-March, involving GASP-WEBT, Swift, NuSTAR, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, VERITAS, and other collaborations and instruments, providing data from radio to very high energy (VHE) γ-ray bands. NuSTAR yielded previously unattainable sensitivity in the 3-79 keV range, revealing that the spectrum softens when the source is dimmer until the X-ray spectral shape saturates into a steep power law, with no evidence for an exponential cutoff or additional hard components up to ∼80 keV. For the first time, we observed both the synchrotron and the inverse-Compton peaks of the spectral energy distribution (SED) simultaneously shifted to frequencies below the typical quiescent state by an order of magnitude. The fractional variability as a function of photon energy shows a double-bump structure that relates to the two bumps of the broadband SED. In each bump, the variability increases with energy, which, in the framework of the synchrotron self-Compton model, implies that the electrons with higher energies are more variable. The measured multi band variability, the significant X-ray-to-VHE correlation down to some of the lowest fluxes ever observed in both bands, the lack of correlation between optical/UV and X-ray flux, the low degree of polarization and its significant (random) variations, the short estimated electron cooling time, and the significantly longer variability timescale observed in the NuSTAR light curves point toward in situ electron acceleration and suggest that there are multiple compact regions contributing to the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during low-activity states.
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- Title
- MULTIWAVELENGTH STUDY OF QUIESCENT STATES OF Mrk 421 WITH UNPRECEDENTED HARD X-RAY COVERAGE PROVIDED BY NuSTAR IN 2013
- Creators
- M Balokovi - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAD Paneque - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyG Madejski - W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, , USAA Furniss - Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAJ Chiang - W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, , USAM Ajello - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University , Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USAD. M Alexander - Durham UniversityD Barret - CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie , 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceR. D Blandford - W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, , USAS. E Boggs - Space Science Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USAF. E Christensen - DTU Space, National Space Institute , Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Lyngby, DenmarkW. W Craig - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USAK Forster - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAP Giommi - ASI Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico snc I-00133, Roma, ItalyB Grefenstette - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAC Hailey - Physics Department, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, USAF. A Harrison - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAA Hornstrup - DTU Space, National Space Institute , Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Lyngby, DenmarkT Kitaguchi - Core of Research for the Energetic Universe, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanJ. E Koglin - W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, , USAK. K Madsen - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAP. H Mao - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAH Miyasaka - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAK Mori - Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, USAM Perri - INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monteporzio, ItalyM. J Pivovaroff - Space Science Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USAS Puccetti - INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monteporzio, ItalyV Rana - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAD Stern - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91109, USAG Tagliaferri - INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E, Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, ItalyC. M Urry - Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Physics Department , Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USAN. J Westergaard - DTU Space, National Space Institute , Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Lyngby, DenmarkW. W Zhang - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAA Zoglauer - Space Science Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USAS Archambault - Physics Department, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaA Archer - Department of Physics, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USAA Barnacka - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAW Benbow - Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USAR Bird - School of Physics, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, IrelandJ. H Buckley - Department of Physics, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USAV Bugaev - Department of Physics, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USAM Cerruti - Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USAX Chen - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyL Ciupik - Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USAM. P Connolly - School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, IrelandW Cui - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAH. J Dickinson - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011, USAJ Dumm - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAJ. D Eisch - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011, USAA Falcone - Pennsylvania State UniversityQ Feng - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAJ. P Finley - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAH Fleischhack - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyL Fortson - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAS Griffin - Physics Department, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaS. T Griffiths - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USAJ Grube - Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USAG Gyuk - Astronomy Department, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USAM Huetten - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyN Håkansson - Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, GermanyJ Holder - Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716, USAT. B Humensky - Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USAC. A Johnson - University of California, Santa CruzP Kaaret - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USAM Kertzman - Department of Physics and Astronomy, DePauw University , Greencastle, IN 46135-0037, USAY Khassen - School of Physics, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, IrelandD Kieda - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAM Krause - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyF Krennrich - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011, USAM. J Lang - School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, IrelandG Maier - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyS McArthur - Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USAK Meagher - School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USAP Moriarty - School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, IrelandT Nelson - University of MinnesotaD Nieto - Physics Department, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, USAR. A Ong - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAN Park - Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USAM Pohl - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyA Popkow - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAE Pueschel - School of Physics, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, IrelandP. T Reynolds - Department of Applied Science, Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown, Cork, IrelandG. T Richards - Georgia Institute of TechnologyE Roache - Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USAM Santander - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College , Columbia University, NY 10027, USAG. H Sembroski - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAK Shahinyan - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAA. W Smith - University of Maryland, College ParkD Staszak - Physics Department, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaI Telezhinsky - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyN. W Todd - Department of Physics, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USAJ. V Tucci - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAJ Tyler - McGill UniversityS Vincent - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyA Weinstein - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011, USAA Wilhelm - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyD. A Williams - Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USAB Zitzer - Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USAM. L Ahnen - ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandS Ansoldi - Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, ItalyL. A Antonelli - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyP Antoranz - Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, ItalyA Babic - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaB Banerjee - Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1\AF Bidhannagar , Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, IndiaP Bangale - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyU. Barres de Almeida - Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF MCTI), R. Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150-Urca, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 22290-180, BrazilJ. A Barrio - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainJ. Becerra GonzálezW Bednarek - University of ód , PL-90236 Lodz , PolandE Bernardini - Humboldt University of Berlin, Istitut für Physik Newtonstr. 15 , D-12489 Berlin, GermanyB Biasuzzi - Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, ItalyA Biland - ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandO Blanch - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainS Bonnefoy - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainG Bonnoli - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyF Borracci - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyT Bretz - Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, SwitzerlandE Carmona - Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, SpainA Carosi - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyA Chatterjee - Saha Institute of Nuclear PhysicsR ClaveroP Colin - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyE ColomboJ. L Contreras - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainJ Cortina - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainS Covino - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyP. Da Vela - Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, ItalyF Dazzi - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyA. De Angelis - Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova , ItalyB. De Lotto - Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, ItalyE de Oña Wilhelmi - Institute for Space Sciences (CSIC IEEC), E-08193 Barcelona, SpainC. Delgado Mendez - Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, SpainF Di Pierro - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyD. Dominis Prester - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaD Dorner - Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg , GermanyM Doro - Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova , ItalyS Einecke - Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund , GermanyD Elsaesser - Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg , GermanyA Fernández-Barral - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainD Fidalgo - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainM. V Fonseca - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainL Font - Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainK Frantzen - Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainC Fruck - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyD Galindo - Universitat de Barcelona, ICC , IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, SpainR. J. García LópezM Garczarczyk - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyD. Garrido Terrats - Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainM Gaug - Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainP Giammaria - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyD Glawion (Eisenacher) - Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg , GermanyN Godinovi - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaA González Muñoz - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainD Guberman - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainA Hahn - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyY Hanabata - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanM Hayashida - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanJ HerreraJ Hose - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyD Hrupec - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaG Hughes - ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandW Idec - University of ód , PL-90236 Lodz , PolandK Kodani - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanY Konno - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanH Kubo - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanJ Kushida - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanA. La Barbera - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyD Lelas - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaE Lindfors - Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory , University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, FinlandS Lombardi - National Institute for AstrophysicsF Longo - Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, ItalyM López - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainR López-Coto - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainA López-Oramas - Laboratoire AIM, Service d'Astrophysique, DSM IRFU, CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, FranceE Lorenz - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyP Majumdar - Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1\AF Bidhannagar , Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, IndiaM Makariev - Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, BulgariaK Mallot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyG Maneva - Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, BulgariaM ManganaroK Mannheim - Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg , GermanyL Maraschi - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyB Marcote - Universitat de Barcelona, ICC , IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, SpainM Mariotti - Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova , ItalyM Martínez - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainD Mazin - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanU Menzel - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyJ. M Miranda - University of SienaR Mirzoyan - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyA Moralejo - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainE Moretti - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyD Nakajima - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanV Neustroev - Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory , University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, FinlandA Niedzwiecki - University of ód , PL-90236 Lodz , PolandM. Nievas Rosillo - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainK Nilsson - Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), Turku, FinlandK Nishijima - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanK Noda - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyR Orito - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanA Overkemping - Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund , GermanyS Paiano - Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova , ItalyJ Palacio - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainM Palatiello - Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, ItalyR Paoletti - Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, ItalyJ. M Paredes - Universitat de Barcelona, ICC , IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, SpainX Paredes-Fortuny - Universitat de Barcelona, ICC , IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, SpainM Persic - INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, ItalyJ Poutanen - Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory , University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, FinlandP. G. Prada Moroni - Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa , I-56126 Pisa, ItalyE Prandini - ISDC-Science Data Center for Astrophysics, 1290, Versoix (Geneva), SwitzerlandI Puljak - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaW Rhode - Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund , GermanyM Ribó - Universitat de Barcelona, ICC , IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, SpainJ Rico - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainJ. Rodriguez Garcia - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyT Saito - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanK Satalecka - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainV Scapin - Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid , SpainC Schultz - Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova , ItalyT Schweizer - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyS. N Shore - Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa , I-56126 Pisa, ItalyA Sillanpää - Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory , University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, FinlandJ Sitarek - University of ód , PL-90236 Lodz , PolandI Snidaric - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaD Sobczynska - University of ód , PL-90236 Lodz , PolandA Stamerra - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyT Steinbring - Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg , GermanyM Strzys - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyL Takalo - Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory , University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, FinlandH Takami - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanF Tavecchio - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, ItalyP Temnikov - Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, BulgariaT Terzi - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, CroatiaD TescaroM Teshima - Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR , The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Tokai University, The University of Tokushima, KEK, JapanJ Thaele - Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund , GermanyD. F Torres - ICREA and Institute for Space Sciences (CSIC\IEEC), E-08193 Barcelona , SpainT Toyama - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyA Treves - Università dell'Insubria and INFN Milano Bicocca, Como , I-22100 Como, ItalyV Verguilov - Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, BulgariaI Vovk - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, GermanyJ. E Ward - IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainM WillM. H Wu - Institute for Space Sciences (CSIC IEEC), E-08193 Barcelona, SpainR Zanin - Universitat de Barcelona, ICC , IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, SpainJ Perkins - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAF Verrecchia - INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monteporzio, ItalyC Leto - INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monteporzio, ItalyM Böttcher - Centre for Space Research, Private Bag X6001, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, 2520, South AfricaM Villata - INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese (TO), ItalyC. M Raiteri - INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese (TO), ItalyJ. A Acosta-Pulido - Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna , La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainR Bachev - Institute of Astronomy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaA Berdyugin - Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, FinlandD. A Blinov - Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, IESL, Voutes, 71110 Heraklion, GreeceM. I Carnerero - Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna , La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainW. P Chen - Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli 32001, TaiwanP Chinchilla - Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna , La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainG Damljanovic - Astronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaC Eswaraiah - Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli 32001, TaiwanT. S Grishina - Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaS Ibryamov - Institute of Astronomy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaB Jordan - School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies , IrelandS. G Jorstad - Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAM Joshi - Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaE. N Kopatskaya - Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaO. M Kurtanidze - Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006, ChinaS. O Kurtanidze - Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaE. G Larionova - Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaL. V Larionova - Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaV. M Larionov - Pulkovo Observatory, St.-Petersburg, RussiaG Latev - Institute of Astronomy and NAO, Sofia, BulgariaH. C Lin - Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli 32001, TaiwanA. P Marscher - Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAA. A Mokrushina - Pulkovo Observatory, St.-Petersburg, RussiaD. A Morozova - Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaM. G Nikolashvili - Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaE Semkov - Institute of Astronomy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaP. S Smith - University of ArizonaA Strigachev - Institute of Astronomy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaYu. V Troitskaya - Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaI. S Troitsky - Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaO Vince - Astronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaJ Barnes - Department of Physics, Salt Lake Community College , Salt Lake City, UT 84070 USAT Güver - Istanbul University, Science Faculty , Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Beyaz t, 34119, Istanbul, TurkeyJ. W Moody - Brigham Young UniversityA. C Sadun - Department of Physics, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, Colorado, CO 80217-3364, USAS Sun - Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University , 200433 Shanghai, ChinaT Hovatta - Aalto University, Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandJ. L Richards - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAW Max-Moerbeck - National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box 0, Socorro, NM 87801, USAA. C. R Readhead - Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAA Lähteenmäki - Aalto University Department of Radio Science and Engineering, P.O. BOX 13000 , FI-00076 Aalto, FinlandM Tornikoski - Aalto University, Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandJ Tammi - Aalto University, Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandV Ramakrishnan - Aalto University, Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandR Reinthal - Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, FinlandE Angelakis - Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyL Fuhrmann - Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyI Myserlis - Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyV Karamanavis - Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyA Sievers - Instituto de Radio Astronomia Milimétrica, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, 18012 Granada, SpainH Ungerechts - Instituto de Radio Astronomia Milimétrica, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, 18012 Granada, SpainJ. A Zensus - Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyVERITAS Collaboration
- Publication Details
- The Astrophysical journal, v 819(2), p156
- Publisher
- The American Astronomical Society
- Number of pages
- 30
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000372305700068
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-84961655196
- Other Identifier
- 991019201382004721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- International collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Astronomy & Astrophysics