Journal article
Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
Physical review. D, v 112(8), pp 1-18
17 Oct 2025
Abstract
We present a measurement of the mean number of muons with energies larger than 500 GeV in near-vertical extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with primary energies between 2.5 and 100 PeV. The measurement is based on events detected in coincidence between the surface and in-ice detectors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Air showers are recorded on the surface by IceTop, while a bundle of high-energy muons (TeV muons) from the shower can subsequently produce a tracklike event in the IceCube in-ice array. Results are obtained assuming the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC. The measured number of TeV muons is found to be in agreement with predictions from air-shower simulations. The results have also been compared to a measurement of low-energy muons by IceTop, indicating an inconsistency between the predictions for low- and high-energy muons in simulations based on the EPOS-LHC model.
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- Title
- Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
- Creators
- R. Abbasi - Loyola University ChicagoM. Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Adams - University of CanterburyS. K. Agarwalla - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. A. Aguilar - Université Libre de BruxellesM. Ahlers - University of CopenhagenJ. M. Alameddine - TU Dortmund UniversityN. M. Amin - University of DelawareK. Andeen - Marquette UniversityC. Arguelles - Harvard UniversityY. Ashida - University of UtahS. Athanasiadou - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS. N. Axani - University of DelawareR. Babu - Michigan State UniversityX. Bai - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyJ. Baines-Holmes - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. V. Balagopal - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. W. Barwick - University of California SystemS. Bash - Technical University of MunichV. Basu - University of UtahR. Bay - University of California SystemJ. J. Beatty - The Ohio State UniversityJ. Becker Tjus - Ruhr University BochumP. Behrens - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Beise - Uppsala UniversityC. Bellenghi - Technical University of MunichB. Benkel - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS. BenZvi - University of RochesterD. Berley - University of Maryland, College ParkE. Bernardini - University of PaduaD. Z. Besson - University of KansasE. Blaufuss - University of Maryland, College ParkL. Bloom - University of AlabamaS. Blot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYI. Bodo - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF. Bontempo - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ. Y. Book Motzkin - Harvard UniversityC. Boscolo Meneguolo - University of PaduaS. Boeser - Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyO. Botner - Uppsala UniversityJ. Boettcher - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 5, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyJ. Braun - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB. Brinson - Georgia Institute of TechnologyZ. Brisson-Tsavoussis - Queen's UniversityR. T. Burley - The University of AdelaideD. Butterfield - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. A. Campana - Drexel UniversityK. Carloni - Harvard University PressJ. Carpio - University of Nevada, Las VegasS. Chattopadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonN. Chau - Univ Libre Bruxelles, Fac Sci, CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumZ. Chen - Stony Brook UniversityD. Chirkin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Choi - University of UtahB. A. Clark - University of Maryland, College ParkA. Coleman - Uppsala UniversityP. ColemanG. H. Collin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. Connolly - The Ohio State UniversityJ. M. Conrad - MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USAR. Corley - University of UtahD. F. Cowen - Pennsylvania State UniversityC. De Clercq - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ. J. DeLaunay - Pennsylvania State UniversityD. Delgado - Harvard University PressT. Delmeulle - Université Libre de BruxellesS. Deng - RWTH Aachen UniversityP. Desiati - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. D. de Vries - Vrije Universiteit BrusselG. de Wasseige - UCLouvainT. DeYoung - Michigan State UniversityJ. C. Diaz-Velez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. DiKerby - Michigan State UniversityM. Dittmer - University of MünsterA. Domi - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL. Draper - University of UtahL. Dueser - RWTH Aachen UniversityD. Durnford - University of AlbertaK. Dutta - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. A. DuVernois - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT. Ehrhardt - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzL. Eidenschink - Technical University of MunichA. Eimer - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergP. Eller - Technical University of MunichE. Ellinger - University of WuppertalD. Elsaesser - TU Dortmund UniversityR. Engel - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyH. Erpenbeck - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW. Esmail - University of MünsterS. Eulig - Harvard UniversityJ. Evans - University of Maryland, College ParkP. A. Evenson - University of DelawareK. L. Fan - University of Maryland, College ParkK. Fang - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Farrag - Chiba UniversityA. R. Fazely - Southern UniversityA. Fedynitch - Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaN. Feigl - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinC. Finley - Stockholm UniversityL. Fischer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYD. Fox - Pennsylvania State UniversityA. Franckowiak - Ruhr University BochumS. Fukami - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYP. FuerstJ. Gallagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Ganster - RWTH Aachen UniversityA. Garcia - Harvard UniversityM. Garcia - University of DelawareG. Garg - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Genton - Harvard UniversityL. Gerhardt - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryA. Ghadimi - University of AlabamaC. Glaser - Uppsala UniversityT. Gluesenkamp - Uppsala UniversityJ. G. Gonzalez - University of DelawareS. Goswami - University of Nevada, Las VegasA. Granados - Michigan State UniversityD. Grant - Simon Fraser UniversityS. J. Gray - University of Maryland, College ParkS. Griffin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Griswold - University of RochesterK. M. Groth - University of CopenhagenD. Guevel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonC. Guenther - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 5, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyP. Guetjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC. Ha - Chung-Ang UniversityC. Haack - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA. Hallgren - Uppsala UniversityL. Halve - RWTH Aachen UniversityF. Halzen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonL. Hamacher - RWTH Aachen UniversityM. Ha Minh - Technical University of MunichM. Handt - RWTH Aachen UniversityK. Hanson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. Hardin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. A. Harnisch - Michigan State UniversityP. Hatch - Queen's UniversityA. Haungs - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ. Haeussler - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 5, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyK. Helbing - University of WuppertalJ. Hellrung - Ruhr University BochumL. Hennig - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL. Heuermann - RWTH Aachen UniversityR. Hewett - University of CanterburyN. Heyer - Uppsala UniversityS. Hickford - University of WuppertalA. Hidvegi - Stockholm UniversityC. Hill - Chiba UniversityG. C. Hill - Univ Adelaide, Dept Phys, Adelaide, SA 5005, AustraliaR. Hmaid - Chiba UniversityK. D. Hoffman - University of Maryland, College ParkD. Hooper - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Hori - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Hoshina - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Hostert - Harvard UniversityW. Hou - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyT. Huber - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyK. Hultqvist - Stockholm UniversityK. Hymon - TU Dortmund UniversityA. Ishihara - Chiba UniversityW. Iwakiri - Chiba UniversityM. Jacquart - University of CopenhagenS. Jain - University of Wisconsin–MadisonO. Janik - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM. Jeong - University of UtahM. Jin - Harvard UniversityN. Kamp - Harvard UniversityD. Kang - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyX. Kang - Drexel UniversityA. Kappes - University of MünsterL. Kardum - TU Dortmund UniversityT. Karg - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Karl - Technical University of MunichA. Karle - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Katil - University of AlbertaM. Kauer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. L. Kelley - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Khanal - University of UtahA. Khatee Zathul - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Kheirandish - University of Nevada, RenoH. Kimku - Chung-Ang UniversityJ. Kiryluk - Stony Brook UniversityC. Klein - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS. R. Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryY. Kobayashi - Chiba UniversityA. Kochocki - Michigan State UniversityR. Koirala - University of DelawareH. Kolanoski - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinT. Kontrimas - Technical University of MunichL. Koepke - Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyC. Kopper - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergD. J. Koskinen - University of CopenhagenP. Koundal - University of DelawareM. Kowalski - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT. Kozynets - University of CopenhagenN. Krieger - Ruhr University BochumJ. Krishnamoorthi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT. Krishnan - Harvard UniversityK. Kruiswijk - UCLouvainE. Krupczak - Michigan State UniversityA. Kumar - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYE. Kun - Ruhr University BochumN. Kurahashi - Drexel UniversityN. Lad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. Lagunas Gualda - Technical University of MunichL. Lallement Arnaud - Univ Libre Bruxelles, Fac Sci, CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumM. Lamoureux - UCLouvainM. J. Larson - University of Maryland, College ParkF. Lauber - University of WuppertalJ. P. Lazar - UCLouvainK. Leonard DeHolton - Pennsylvania State UniversityA. Leszczynska - University of DelawareJ. Liao - Georgia Institute of TechnologyY. T. Liu - Pennsylvania State UniversityM. Liubarska - University of AlbertaC. Love - Drexel UniversityL. Lu - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF. Lucarelli - University of GenevaW. Luszczak - The Ohio State UniversityY. Lyu - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryJ. Madsen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Magnus - Vrije Universiteit BrusselK. B. M. Mahn - Michigan State UniversityY. Makino - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Manao - Technical University of MunichS. Mancina - University of PaduaA. Mand - University of Wisconsin–MadisonI. C. Maris - Université Libre de BruxellesS. Marka - Columbia UniversityZ. Marka - Columbia UniversityL. Marten - RWTH Aachen UniversityI. Martinez-Soler - Harvard UniversityR. Maruyama - Yale UniversityF. Mayhew - Michigan State UniversityF. McNally - Mercer University Health Sciences CenterJ. V. Mead - University of CopenhagenK. Meagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Mechbal - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA. Medina - The Ohio State UniversityM. Meier - Chiba UniversityY. Merckx - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL. Merten - Ruhr University BochumJ. Mitchell - Southern UniversityL. Molchany - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyT. Montaruli - University of GenevaR. W. Moore - University of AlbertaY. Morii - Chiba UniversityA. Mosbrugger - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM. Moulai - University of Wisconsin–MadisonD. Mousadi - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT. Mukherjee - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyR. Naab - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Nakos - University of Wisconsin–MadisonU. Naumann - University of WuppertalJ. Necker - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYL. Neste - Stockholm UniversityM. Neumann - University of MünsterH. Niederhausen - Michigan State UniversityM. U. Nisa - Michigan State UniversityK. Noda - Chiba UniversityA. Noell - RWTH Aachen UniversityA. Novikov - University of DelawareA. Obertacke Pollmann - Chiba UniversityV. O'Dell - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Olivas - University of Maryland, College ParkR. Orsoe - Technical University of MunichJ. Osborn - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. O'Sullivan - Uppsala UniversityV. Palusova - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzH. Pandya - University of DelawareA. Parenti - Université Libre de BruxellesN. Park - Queen's UniversityV. Parrish - Michigan State UniversityE. N. Paudel - University of AlabamaL. Paul - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyC. Perez de los Heros - Uppsala UniversityT. Pernice - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Peterson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Plum - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyA. Ponten - Uppsala UniversityV. Poojyam - University of AlabamaY. Popovych - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. Prado Rodriguez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB. Pries - Michigan State UniversityR. Procter-Murphy - University of Maryland, College ParkG. T. Przybylski - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryL. Pyras - University of UtahC. Raab - UCLouvainJ. Rack-Helleis - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzN. Rad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Ravn - Uppsala UniversityK. Rawlins - University of Alaska AnchorageZ. Rechav - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Rehman - University of DelawareI. Reistroffer - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyE. Resconi - Technical University of MunichS. Reusch - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. D. Rho - Sungkyunkwan UniversityW. Rhode - TU Dortmund UniversityB. Riedel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Rifaie - University of WuppertalE. J. Roberts - The University of AdelaideS. Robertson - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryM. Rongen - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA. Rosted - Chiba UniversityC. Rott - University of UtahT. Ruhe - TU Dortmund UniversityL. Ruohan - Technical University of MunichJ. Saffer - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyD. Salazar-Gallegos - Michigan State UniversityP. Sampathkumar - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA. Sandrock - University of WuppertalG. Sanger-Johnson - Michigan State UniversityM. Santander - University of AlabamaS. Sarkar - University of OxfordJ. Savelberg - RWTH Aachen UniversityP. Schaile - Technical University of MunichM. Schaufel - RWTH Aachen UniversityH. Schieler - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyS. Schindler - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL. Schlickmann - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzB. Schlueter - University of MünsterF. Schlueter - Univ Libre Bruxelles, Fac Sci, CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumN. Schmeisser - University of WuppertalT. Schmidt - University of Maryland, College ParkF. G. Schroeder - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyL. Schumacher - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS. Schwirn - RWTH Aachen UniversityS. Sclafani - University of Maryland, College ParkD. Seckel - University of DelawareL. Seen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Seikh - University of KansasS. Seunarine - University of Wisconsin–River FallsP. A. Sevle Myhr - UCLouvainR. Shah - Drexel UniversityS. Shefali - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN. Shimizu - Chiba UniversityB. Skrzypek - University of California SystemR. Snihur - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. Soedingrekso - TU Dortmund UniversityA. Sogaard - University of CopenhagenD. Soldin - University of UtahP. Soldin - RWTH Aachen UniversityG. Sommani - Ruhr University BochumC. Spannfellner - Technical University of MunichG. M. Spiczak - University of Wisconsin–River FallsC. Spiering - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Stachurska - Ghent UniversityM. Stamatikos - The Ohio State UniversityT. Stanev - University of DelawareT. Stezelberger - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryT. Stuerwald - University of WuppertalT. Stuttard - University of CopenhagenG. W. Sullivan - University of Maryland, College ParkI. Taboada - Georgia Institute of TechnologyS. Ter-Antonyan - Southern Univ, Dept Phys, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USAA. Terliuk - Technical University of MunichA. Thakuri - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyM. Thiesmeyer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW. G. Thompson - Harvard UniversityJ. Thwaites - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Tilav - University of DelawareK. Tollefson - Michigan State UniversityS. Toscano - Université Libre de BruxellesD. Tosi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Trettin - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA. K. Upadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Upshaw - Southern UniversityA. Vaidyanathan - Marquette UniversityN. Valtonen-Mattila - Uppsala UniversityJ. Valverde - Marquette UniversityJ. Vandenbroucke - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT. Van Eeden - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYN. van Eijndhoven - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ. van Santen - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Vara - University of MünsterF. Varsi - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM. Venugopal - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM. Vereecken - UCLouvainS. Vergara Carrasco - University of CanterburyS. Verpoest - University of DelawareD. Veske - Columbia UniversityA. Vijai - University of Maryland, College ParkJ. Villarreal - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Walck - Stockholm UniversityA. Wang - Georgia Institute of TechnologyE. Warrick - University of AlabamaC. Weaver - Michigan State UniversityP. Weigel - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. Weindl - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA. Y. Wen - Harvard UniversityC. Wendt - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. Werthebach - TU Dortmund UniversityM. Weyrauch - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN. Whitehorn - Michigan State UniversityC. H. Wiebusch - RWTH Aachen UniversityD. R. Williams - University of AlabamaL. Witthaus - TU Dortmund UniversityM. Wolf - Technical University of MunichG. Wrede - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergX. W. Xu - Southern UniversityJ. P. Yanez - University of AlbertaY. Yao - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Yildizci - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Yoshida - Chiba UniversityR. Young - University of KansasF. Yu - Harvard UniversityS. Yu - University of UtahT. Yuan - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Zegarelli - Ruhr University BochumS. Zhang - Michigan State UniversityZ. Zhang - Stony Brook UniversityP. Zhelnin - Harvard UniversityP. Zilberman - University of Wisconsin–MadisonIceCube Collaboration
- Publication Details
- Physical review. D, v 112(8), pp 1-18
- Publisher
- American Physical Society
- Number of pages
- 18
- Grant note
- Chung-Ang University Research Grant; Chung Ang University European Union-EGI Advanced Computing for research Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; University of Wisconsin Madison NVIDIA Corporation; Nvidia Corporation Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) Australia-Australian Research Council New Zealand-Marsden Fund; Royal Society of New Zealand; Marsden Fund (NZ) Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS) USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Fo
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001644550600001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105032278184
- Other Identifier
- 991022197416904721