Journal article
Measuring Racial and Ethnic Socialization: Adaptation of the ARESS for Black Women
Journal of black studies, v 57(4), pp 431-454
May 2026
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
Despite the importance of racial and ethnic socialization (RES) processes for Black women, RES assessment has largely been limited to youth. We expand on the literature by examining the factor structure and convergent validity of the Adolescent Racial and Ethnic Socialization Scale (ARESS). As part of a cross-sectional psychometric validation study, Black women (n = 422) completed a modified ARESS (ERES-AR) and measures assessing race-related beliefs/attitudes, protective factors and symptoms. Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed five factors: Promotion of Pride, Active Cultural Socialization, Preparation for Bias, Passive Cultural Socialization, Promotion of Integration. In support of measure validity, Promotion of Pride was associated with identity, resilience, and depression. Active Cultural Socialization was associated with identity and resilience, while Preparation for Bias was associated with the superwoman schema, identity, belonging, resilience, rumination and worry. Passive Cultural Socialization was associated with resilience, belonging, and identity. Promotion of Integration was associated with the superwoman schema, belonging, and resilience. Our results show there are overlapping and distinct aspects of RES that are associated with meaningful psychological variables.
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Details
- Title
- Measuring Racial and Ethnic Socialization: Adaptation of the ARESS for Black Women
- Creators
- Mekawi Yara (Corresponding Author) - University of LouisvilleWare Maryam - University of LouisvilleBlevins Kennedy - University of California, IrvineIzraelle McKinnon - Emory UniversityChristy Erving - The University of Texas at AustinRachel Parker - Emory UniversityUdaipuria Shivika - Emory UniversityMurden Raphiel - Emory UniversityRenee Moore - Drexel UniversityTené Lewis - Emory University
- Publication Details
- Journal of black studies, v 57(4), pp 431-454
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Number of pages
- 24
- Grant note
- National Heart and Lung Institute: K24HL163696 ford foundation eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development: P2CHD042849
The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors acknowledge funding from the following sources: R01HL130471, R01HL158141 and K24HL163696 (Funding Agency: NHLBI; awarded to Lewis); T32 HL130025 (Funding Agency: NHLBI; funding McKinnon, awarded to Vaccarino); Ford Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship (awarded to Erving). Erving is partially supported by grant P2CHD042849 awarded to the Population Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001738406600001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105035619917
- Other Identifier
- 991022173526204721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Ethnic Studies
- Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary