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Measuring Racial and Ethnic Socialization: Adaptation of the ARESS for Black Women
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Measuring Racial and Ethnic Socialization: Adaptation of the ARESS for Black Women

Mekawi Yara, Ware Maryam, Blevins Kennedy, Izraelle McKinnon, Christy Erving, Rachel Parker, Udaipuria Shivika, Murden Raphiel, Renee Moore and Tené Lewis
Journal of black studies, v 57(4), pp 431-454
May 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347261434294
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Abstract

Adjustment Belonging Bias Black people Black women Convergent validity Cultural factors Ethnic identity Ethnicity Exploratory factor analysis Factor analysis Factor Structure Gender identity Identity formation Ideology Indexes Measures Multiculturalism & pluralism Protective factors Race Racial Factors Racial Identification Racial identity Resilience Resilience (Psychology) Rumination Socialization Validation studies Validity Women Worry Health Promotion Mental Depression Mental Health Transportation
Despite the importance of racial and ethnic socialization (RES) processes for Black women, RES assessment has largely been limited to youth. We expand on the literature by examining the factor structure and convergent validity of the Adolescent Racial and Ethnic Socialization Scale (ARESS). As part of a cross-sectional psychometric validation study, Black women (n = 422) completed a modified ARESS (ERES-AR) and measures assessing race-related beliefs/attitudes, protective factors and symptoms. Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed five factors: Promotion of Pride, Active Cultural Socialization, Preparation for Bias, Passive Cultural Socialization, Promotion of Integration. In support of measure validity, Promotion of Pride was associated with identity, resilience, and depression. Active Cultural Socialization was associated with identity and resilience, while Preparation for Bias was associated with the superwoman schema, identity, belonging, resilience, rumination and worry. Passive Cultural Socialization was associated with resilience, belonging, and identity. Promotion of Integration was associated with the superwoman schema, belonging, and resilience. Our results show there are overlapping and distinct aspects of RES that are associated with meaningful psychological variables.

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