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Metal Fatigue Fracture After Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrieval Analysis
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Metal Fatigue Fracture After Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrieval Analysis

Michael A Kurtz, Jeremy L Gilbert, Aarti A Shenoy, Gregg R Klein, Arthur L Malkani and Steven M Kurtz
Journal of orthopaedic research, v 44(4), e70198
Apr 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.70198
PMID: 41928628
Featured in Collection :   Drexel's Newest Publications
url
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.70198View
Published, Version of Record (VoR)CC BY-NC-ND V4.0,  Open

Abstract

Aged Aged, 80 and over Alloys Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee - adverse effects Female Humans Knee Prosthesis Male Middle Aged Prosthesis Failure Reoperation Titanium
Most revision total knee arthroplasty patients experience excellent clinical outcomes. However, case studies document rare occurrences of metal component fractures promoted by the high cycles and low stresses that occur during daily use. In vivo, the mechanism that initiates metal fatigue fracture remains unclear. To address this gap, we collected implants from two retrieval programs. We asked: (1) what is the role of implant fixation in promoting fatigue fracture? (2) within modular junctions, what damage modes are associated with crack initiation? (3) how do equiaxed Ti-6Al-4V and wrought CoCrMo microstructures influence crack propagation? First, we compared clinical data for n = 8 fracture and n = 489 stemmed revision patients. Then, we performed retrieval analysis, combining radiographs with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We found no differences in weight (p = 0.07) or implantation time (p = 0.10) when comparing revision and fracture cohorts. Radiographs of fractured components showed insufficient metaphyseal fixation at or near the stem's modular junction. At the taper interface, we identified Ti-6Al-4V thread wear and CoCrMo pitting. Sectioning near a Ti-6Al-4V crack initiation site revealed an oxidized interface and an intergranular corrosion attack. On the free surface, TiO increased (p < 0.0001) and TiO decreased (p < 0.0001) after 20 min of sputter time. Fatigue cracks propagated through equiaxed Ti-6Al-4V and wrought CoCrMo grains. These data support a hypothesized mechanism where insufficient implant fixation with bone or cement promotes localized damage accumulation within the modular junction, fatigue crack initiation and subsequent fracture.

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