Journal article
Normalization of ground reaction forces
Journal of applied biomechanics, v 22(3), pp 230-233
Aug 2006
PMID: 17215554
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
The appropriateness of normalizing data, as one method to reduce the effects of a covariate on a dependent variable, should be evaluated. Using ratio, 0.67-nonlinear, and fitted normalizations, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ground reaction force variables and body mass (BM). Ground reaction forces were recorded for 40 female subjects running at 3.7 +/- 0.18 m x s(-1) (mass = 58 +/- 6 kg). The explained variance for mass to forces (peak-impact-vertical = 70%; propulsive-vertical = 27%; braking = 40%) was reduced to <0.1% for mass to ratio normalized forces (i.e., forces/BM1) with statistically significantly different power exponents (p < 0.05). The smaller covariate effect of mass on loading rate variables of 2-16% was better removed through fitted normalization (e.g., vertical-instantaneous-loading rate/ BM(0.69+/-0.93); +/-95% CI) with nonlinear power exponents ranging from 0.51 to 1.13. Generally, these were similar to 0.67 as predicted through dimensionality theory, but, owing to the large confidence intervals, these power exponents were not statistically significantly different from absolute or ratio normalized data (p > 0.05). Further work is warranted to identify the appropriate method to normalize loading rates either to mass or to another covariate. Ratio normalization of forces to mass, as predicted through Newtonian mechanics, is recommended for comparing subjects of different masses.
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Details
- Title
- Normalization of ground reaction forces
- Creators
- David R Mullineaux - DATA Squared (contact via http://www.dataswuared.org).Clare E MilnerIrene S DavisJoseph Hamill
- Publication Details
- Journal of applied biomechanics, v 22(3), pp 230-233
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physical Therapy (and Rehabilitation Sciences)
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000239933600007
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-33746769902
- Other Identifier
- 991019296854904721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Engineering, Biomedical
- Sport Sciences