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Journal article
Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), v 380(6652), pp 1338-1343
30 Jun 2023
PMID: 37384687
Abstract
The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth’s atmosphere, is unknown. Because of deflection by interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays produced within the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, cosmic rays interact with matter near their sources and during propagation, which produces high-energy neutrinos. We searched for neutrino emission using machine learning techniques applied to 10 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By comparing diffuse emission models to a background-only hypothesis, we identified neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5σ level of significance. The signal is consistent with diffuse emission of neutrinos from the Milky Way but could also arise from a population of unresolved point sources.
Editor’s summary Observations of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos have shown that they mostly originate from extragalactic sources such as active galaxies. However, gamma ray observations show bright emission from within the Milky Way galaxy, and astrophysical gamma rays and neutrinos are expected to be produced by the same physical processes. The IceCube Collaboration searched for neutrino emission from within the Milky Way (see the Perspective by Fusco) and found evidence of extra neutrinos emitted along the plane of the Galaxy, which is consistent with the distribution of gamma-ray emission. These results imply that high-energy neutrinos can be generated by nearby sources within the Milky Way. —Keith T. Smith
Astrophysical neutrinos are emitted from the plane of the Milky Way galaxy, implying the presence of nearby sources.
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- Title
- Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane
- Creators
- IceCube Collaboration (Collaboration)R. Abbasi - Loyola University ChicagoM. Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Adams - University of CanterburyJ. A. Aguilar - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumM. Ahlers - University of CopenhagenM. Ahrens - Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenJ. M. Alameddine - TU Dortmund UniversityA. A. Alves - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyN. M. Amin - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAK. Andeen - Marquette UniversityT. Anderson - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, SwedenG. Anton - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergC. Argüelles - Harvard UniversityY. Ashida - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. Athanasiadou - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS. Axani - Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAX. Bai - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyA. Balagopal V. - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. W. Barwick - University of California, IrvineV. Basu - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Baur - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumR. Bay - University of California, BerkeleyJ. J. Beatty - The Ohio State UniversityK.-H. Becker - Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyJ. Becker Tjus - Ruhr University BochumJ. Beise - Uppsala UniversityC. Bellenghi - Technical University of MunichS. Benda - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. BenZvi - University of RochesterD. Berley - University of Maryland, College ParkE. Bernardini - University of PaduaD. Z. Besson - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USAG. Binder - Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAD. Bindig - Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyE. Blaufuss - University of Maryland, College ParkS. Blot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Boddenberg - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyF. Bontempo - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ. Y. Book - Harvard UniversityJ. Borowka - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyS. Böser - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzO. Botner - Uppsala UniversityJ. Böttcher - RWTH Aachen UniversityE. Bourbeau - University of CopenhagenF. Bradascio - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyJ. Braun - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB. Brinson - Georgia Institute of TechnologyS. Bron - Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, SwitzerlandJ. Brostean-Kaiser - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYR. T. Burley - University of AdelaideR. S. Busse - Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyM. A. Campana - Drexel University, PhysicsE. G. Carnie-Bronca - University of AdelaideC. Chen - School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USAZ. Chen - Stony Brook UniversityD. Chirkin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Choi - Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaB. A. Clark - Michigan State UniversityK. Clark - Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadaL. Classen - Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyA. Coleman - University of DelawareG. H. Collin - Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAA. Connolly - The Ohio State UniversityJ. M. Conrad - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyP. Coppin - Vrije Universiteit BrusselP. Correa - Vrije Universiteit BrusselD. F. Cowen - Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA., Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAR. Cross - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USAC. Dappen - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyP. Dave - Georgia Institute of TechnologyC. De Clercq - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ. J. DeLaunay - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USAD. Delgado López - Harvard UniversityH. Dembinski - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAK. Deoskar - Stockholm UniversityA. Desai - University of Wisconsin–MadisonP. Desiati - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. D. de Vries - Vrije Universiteit BrusselG. de Wasseige - UCLouvainT. DeYoung - Michigan State UniversityA. Diaz - Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAJ. C. Díaz-Vélez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Dittmer - University of MünsterH. Dujmovic - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyM. Dunkman - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAM. A. DuVernois - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAT. Ehrhardt - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzP. Eller - Technical University of MunichR. Engel - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyH. Erpenbeck - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyJ. Evans - University of Maryland, College ParkP. A. Evenson - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAK. L. Fan - University of Maryland, College ParkA. R. Fazely - Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USAA. Fedynitch - Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaN. Feigl - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinS. Fiedlschuster - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA. T. Fienberg - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAC. Finley - Stockholm UniversityL. Fischer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYD. Fox - Pennsylvania State UniversityA. Franckowiak - Ruhr University BochumE. Friedman - Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAA. Fritz - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzP. Fürst - RWTH Aachen UniversityT. K. Gaisser - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAJ. Gallagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Ganster - RWTH Aachen UniversityA. Garcia - Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAS. Garrappa - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyL. Gerhardt - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryA. Ghadimi - University of AlabamaC. Glaser - Uppsala UniversityT. Glauch - Technical University of MunichT. Glüsenkamp - Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyN. Goehlke - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA. Goldschmidt - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAJ. G. Gonzalez - University of DelawareS. Goswami - University of AlabamaD. Grant - Michigan State UniversityT. Grégoire - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAS. Griswold - University of RochesterC. Günther - RWTH Aachen UniversityP. Gutjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC. Haack - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyA. Hallgren - Uppsala UniversityR. Halliday - Michigan State UniversityL. Halve - RWTH Aachen UniversityF. Halzen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Ha Minh - Technical University of MunichK. Hanson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. Hardin - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAA. A. Harnisch - Michigan State UniversityA. Haungs - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyK. Helbing - University of WuppertalF. Henningsen - Technical University of MunichE. C. Hettinger - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAS. Hickford - University of WuppertalJ. Hignight - Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 CanadaC. Hill - Chiba UniversityG. C. Hill - University of AdelaideK. D. Hoffman - University of Maryland, College ParkK. Hoshina - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW. Hou - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyF. Huang - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAM. Huber - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyT. Huber - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyK. Hultqvist - Stockholm UniversityM. Hünnefeld - TU Dortmund UniversityR. Hussain - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Hymon - TU Dortmund UniversityS. In - Sungkyunkwan UniversityN. Iovine - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumA. Ishihara - Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, JapanM. Jansson - Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenG. S. Japaridze - The Center for Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USAM. Jeong - Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaM. Jin - Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAB. J. P. Jones - Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USAD. Kang - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyW. Kang - Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaX. Kang - Drexel University, PhysicsA. Kappes - Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyD. Kappesser - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyL. Kardum - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyT. Karg - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyM. Karl - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyA. Karle - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAU. Katz - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM. Kauer - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAM. Kellermann - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyJ. L. Kelley - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Kheirandish - Pennsylvania State UniversityK. Kin - Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, JapanJ. Kiryluk - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USAS. R. Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryA. Kochocki - Michigan State UniversityR. Koirala - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAH. Kolanoski - Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, GermanyT. Kontrimas - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyL. Köpke - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzC. Kopper - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAS. Kopper - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USAD. J. Koskinen - University of CopenhagenP. Koundal - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM. Kovacevich - Drexel University, PhysicsM. Kowalski - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT. Kozynets - Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkE. Krupczak - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAE. Kun - Ruhr University BochumN. Kurahashi - Drexel University, PhysicsN. Lad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. Lagunas Gualda - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. L. Lanfranchi - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAM. J. Larson - University of Maryland, College ParkF. Lauber - Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyJ. P. Lazar - Harvard UniversityJ. W. Lee - Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaK. Leonard - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAA. Leszczyńska - University of DelawareY. Li - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAM. Lincetto - Ruhr University BochumQ. R. Liu - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Liubarska - Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 CanadaE. Lohfink - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyC. J. Lozano Mariscal - Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyL. Lu - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAF. Lucarelli - Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, SwitzerlandA. Ludwig - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAW. Luszczak - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAY. Lyu - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryW. Y. Ma - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyJ. Madsen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. B. M. Mahn - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAY. Makino - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. Mancina - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAI. C. Mariş - Université Libre de BruxellesI. Martinez-Soler - Harvard UniversityR. Maruyama - Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USAS. McCarthy - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAT. McElroy - University of AlbertaF. McNally - Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207-0001, USAJ. V. Mead - Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkK. Meagher - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Mechbal - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA. Medina - The Ohio State UniversityM. Meier - Chiba UniversityS. Meighen-Berger - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyY. Merckx - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumJ. Micallef - Michigan State UniversityD. Mockler - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumT. Montaruli - University of GenevaR. W. Moore - Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 CanadaK. Morik - Computer Science Faculty, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyR. Morse - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Moulai - Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAT. Mukherjee - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyR. Naab - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYR. Nagai - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyR. Nahnhauer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyU. Naumann - Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyJ. Necker - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYL. V. Nguyen - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAH. Niederhausen - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAM. U. Nisa - Michigan State UniversityS. C. Nowicki - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAD. Nygren - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAA. Obertacke Pollmann - Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyM. Oehler - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyB. Oeyen - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, BelgiumA. Olivas - Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAE. O'Sullivan - Uppsala UniversityH. Pandya - University of DelawareD. V. Pankova - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAN. Park - Queen's UniversityG. K. Parker - Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USAE. N. Paudel - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAL. Paul - Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USAC. Pérez de los Heros - Uppsala UniversityL. Peters - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyJ. Peterson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Philippen - RWTH Aachen UniversityS. Pieper - Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyA. Pizzuto - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAM. Plum - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyY. Popovych - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyA. Porcelli - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, BelgiumM. Prado Rodriguez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB. Pries - Michigan State UniversityG. T. Przybylski - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAC. Raab - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumJ. Rack-Helleis - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyA. Raissi - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New ZealandM. Rameez - Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkK. Rawlins - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USAI. C. Rea - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyZ. Rechav - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Rehman - University of DelawareP. Reichherzer - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyR. Reimann - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyG. Renzi - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumE. Resconi - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyS. Reusch - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYW. Rhode - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyM. Richman - Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAB. Riedel - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAE. J. Roberts - University of AdelaideS. Robertson - Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAG. Roellinghoff - Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaM. Rongen - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyC. Rott - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA., Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, KoreaT. Ruhe - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyD. Ryckbosch - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, BelgiumD. Rysewyk Cantu - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAI. Safa - Harvard UniversityJ. Saffer - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyD. Salazar-Gallegos - Michigan State UniversityP. Sampathkumar - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyS. E. Sanchez Herrera - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAA. Sandrock - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyM. Santander - University of AlabamaS. Sarkar - University of AlbertaK. Satalecka - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyM. Schaufel - RWTH Aachen UniversityH. Schieler - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyS. Schindler - Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyT. Schmidt - Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAA. Schneider - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAJ. Schneider - Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyF. G. Schröder - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany., Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAL. Schumacher - Technical University of MunichG. Schwefer - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyS. Sclafani - Drexel University, PhysicsD. Seckel - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAS. Seunarine - Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USAA. Sharma - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, SwedenS. Shefali - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyN. Shimizu - Chiba UniversityM. Silva - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAB. Skrzypek - Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAB. Smithers - Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USAR. Snihur - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAJ. Soedingrekso - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyA. Sogaard - University of CopenhagenD. Soldin - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAC. Spannfellner - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyG. M. Spiczak - Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USAC. Spiering - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Stamatikos - Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAT. Stanev - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAR. Stein - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyJ. Stettner - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyT. Stezelberger - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAB. Stokstad - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryT. Stürwald - Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyT. Stuttard - Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkG. W. Sullivan - University of Maryland, College ParkI. Taboada - School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USAS. Ter-Antonyan - Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USAJ. Thwaites - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. Tilav - Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAF. Tischbein - Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyK. Tollefson - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAC. Tönnis - Sungkyunkwan UniversityS. Toscano - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumD. Tosi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Trettin - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Tselengidou - Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyC. F. Tung - School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USAA. Turcati - Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, GermanyR. Turcotte - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyC. F. Turley - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAJ. P. Twagirayezu - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAB. Ty - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAM. A. Unland Elorrieta - Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyN. Valtonen-Mattila - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, SwedenJ. Vandenbroucke - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAN. van Eijndhoven - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumD. Vannerom - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyJ. van Santen - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyJ. Veitch-Michaelis - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAS. Verpoest - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, BelgiumC. Walck - Stockholm UniversityW. Wang - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAT. B. Watson - Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USAC. Weaver - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAP. Weigel - Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAA. Weindl - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyM. J. Weiss - Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USAJ. Weldert - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyC. Wendt - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAJ. Werthebach - Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyM. Weyrauch - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyN. Whitehorn - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA., Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAC. H. Wiebusch - RWTH Aachen UniversityN. Willey - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAD. R. Williams - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USAM. Wolf - University of Wisconsin–MadisonG. Wrede - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergJ. Wulff - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyX. W. Xu - Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeJ. P. Yanez - Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 CanadaE. Yildizci - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Yoshida - Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, JapanS. Yu - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAT. Yuan - University of Wisconsin–MadisonZ. Zhang - Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USAP. Zhelnin - Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Publication Details
- Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), v 380(6652), pp 1338-1343
- Publisher
- American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001053101500001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-85164230049
- Other Identifier
- 991021863002704721
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- Astronomy & Astrophysics