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Optimal murine CD4 + T cell priming by mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines requires endogenous antigen processing
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Optimal murine CD4 + T cell priming by mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines requires endogenous antigen processing

Julia E Rood, Suh Kyung Yoon, Mary K Heard, Stephen D Carro, Emma J Hedgepeth, Mary E O'Mara, Michael J Hogan, Nhu Le, Hiromi Muramatsu, Kieu Lam, …
Nature communications, v 17(1), 1327
16 Jan 2026
PMID: 41545353
url
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-68080-xView
Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open

Abstract

Animals Antigen Presentation - immunology Antigen-Presenting Cells - immunology CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology Female Histocompatibility Antigens Class II - immunology Lipids - chemistry Lipids - immunology Liposomes Lymphocyte Activation Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Nanoparticles - chemistry Nanovaccines RNA, Messenger - immunology
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines elicit robust CD4 T cell responses, yet the mechanisms underlying this T cell priming remain unknown. Antigens presented to CD4 T cells on major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) are traditionally acquired by antigen presenting cells (APCs) from extracellular sources. Here we show that vaccine-specific CD4 T cell responses instead rely on antigen directly expressed within APCs, without extracellular transit. Murine APCs treated with mRNA-LNP vaccines activate T cells more efficiently when presenting antigen produced internally, rather than acquired externally. Immunization with mRNA-LNP vaccines engineered to inhibit antigen expression in APCs results in lower antigen-specific CD4 T cell, T follicular helper cell, and antibody responses in mice. In contrast, excluding vaccine antigen from muscle cells minimally affects CD4 T cell responses. Our findings demonstrate that endogenous antigen presentation is essential to mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced immune responses and refine paradigms of MHC II-restricted antigen processing and presentation.

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Immunology
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