Journal article
Physics potential of the IceCube Upgrade for atmospheric neutrino oscillations
Physical review. D, v 113(7), 072009
15 Apr 2026
Abstract
The IceCube Upgrade is an extension of the existing IceCube Neutrino Observatory and will be deployed in the 2025-2026 austral summer. It will significantly improve the sensitivity of the detector to atmospheric neutrino oscillations. The existing 86-string IceCube array contains a dense in-fill known as DeepCore which is optimized to measure neutrinos with energies down to a few GeV. The IceCube Upgrade will consist of seven new densely instrumented strings placed within the DeepCore volume to further enhance the performance in the GeV energy range. The additional strings will feature new optical modules, each containing multiple photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), in contrast to the existing modules that each contain a single PMT. This will more than triple the number of PMT channels with respect to the current IceCube configuration, allowing for improved detection efficiency and reconstruction performance at GeV energies. We describe necessary updates to simulation, event selection, and reconstruction to accommodate the higher data rates observed by the upgraded detector and the addition of multi-PMT modules. We determine the expected sensitivity of the IceCube Upgrade to the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters sin(2)theta(23) and Delta m(32)(2), the appearance of tau neutrinos and the neutrino mass ordering. The IceCube Upgrade will provide neutrino oscillation measurements that are of similar precision to those from accelerator experiments, while providing complementarity by probing higher energies and longer baselines, and with different sources of systematic uncertainties.
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- Title
- Physics potential of the IceCube Upgrade for atmospheric neutrino oscillations
- Creators
- R. Abbasi - Loyola University ChicagoM. Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Adams - University of CanterburyS. K. Agarwalla - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. A. Aguilar - Université Libre de BruxellesM. Ahlers - Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkJ. M. Alameddine - TU Dortmund Univ, Dept Phys, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyS. Ali - University of KansasN. M. Amin - University of DelawareK. Andeen - Marquette UniversityC. Arguelles - Harvard UniversityY. Ashida - Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USAS. Athanasiadou - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS. N. Axani - University of DelawareR. Babu - Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USAX. Bai - South Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Phys Dept, Rapid City, SD 57701 USAJ. Baines-Holmes - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Balagopal - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. W. Barwick - Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USAS. Bash - Technical University of MunichV. Basu - Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USAR. Bay - University of California SystemJ. J. Beatty - The Ohio State UniversityJ. Becker Tjus - Ruhr Univ Bochum, Fak Phys & Astron, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyP. Behrens - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 3, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyJ. Beise - Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, SwedenC. Bellenghi - Technical University of MunichB. Benkel - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS. BenZvi - University of RochesterD. Berley - Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USAE. Bernardini - Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron Galileo Galilei, I-35122 Padova Pd, ItalyD. Z. Besson - University of KansasE. Blaufuss - Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USAL. Bloom - University of AlabamaS. Blot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYI. Bodo - University of Wisconsin–MadisonF. Bontempo - Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Astroparticle Phys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyJ. Y. Book Motzkin - Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAC. Boscolo Meneguolo - University of PaduaS. Boser - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzO. Botner - Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, SwedenJ. Bottcher - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Braun - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USAB. Brinson - Georgia Institute of TechnologyZ. Brisson-Tsavoussis - Queen's UniversityR. T. Burley - Univ Adelaide, Dept Phys, Adelaide, SA 5005, AustraliaD. Butterfield - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USAM. A. Campana - Drexel Univ, Dept Phys, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USAK. Carloni - Harvard UniversityJ. Carpio - Univ Nevada, Dept Phys & Astron, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USAS. Chattopadhyay - University of Wisconsin–MadisonN. Chau - Univ Libre Bruxelles, Sci Fac CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumZ. Chen - Stony Brook UniversityD. Chirkin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Choi - University of UtahB. A. Clark - Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USAA. Coleman - Uppsala UniversityP. Coleman - RWTH Aachen UniversityG. H. Collin - MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USAD. A. Coloma Borja - University of PaduaA. Connolly - Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USAJ. M. Conrad - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyR. Corley - University of UtahD. F. Cowen - Pennsylvania State UniversityC. De Clercq - Vrije Univ Brussel VUB, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumJ. J. DeLaunay - Pennsylvania State UniversityD. Delgado - Harvard University PressT. Delmeulle - Université Libre de BruxellesS. Deng - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 3, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyP. Desiati - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. D. de Vries - Vrije Univ Brussel VUB, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumG. de Wasseige - Catholic Univ Louvain, Ctr Cosmol Particle Phys & Phenomenol CP3, Louvain La Neuve, BelgiumT. DeYoung - Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USAJ. C. Diaz-Velez - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. DiKerby - Michigan State UniversityM. Dittmer - Univ Munster, Inst Kernphys, D-48149 Munster, GermanyA. Domi - Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyL. Draper - University of UtahL. Dueser - RWTH Aachen UniversityD. Durnford - University of AlbertaK. Dutta - Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyM. A. DuVernois - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT. Ehrhardt - Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyL. Eidenschink - Technical University of MunichA. Eimer - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergP. Eller - Technical University of MunichE. Ellinger - University of WuppertalD. Elsasser - TU Dortmund UniversityR. Engel - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyH. Erpenbeck - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW. Esmail - University of MünsterS. Eulig - Harvard University PressJ. Evans - Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USAP. A. Evenson - University of DelawareK. L. Fan - Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USAK. Fang - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USAK. Farrag - Chiba UniversityA. R. Fazely - Institute of Management Business and LawA. Fedynitch - Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaN. Feigl - Humboldt Univ, Inst Phys, D-12489 Berlin, GermanyC. Finley - Stockholm Univ, Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenL. Fischer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYD. Fox - Pennsylvania State UniversityA. Franckowiak - Ruhr Univ Bochum, Fak Phys & Astron, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyS. Fukami - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYP. Furst - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Gallagher - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USAE. Ganster - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 3, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyA. Garcia - Harvard University PressM. Garcia - Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DC 19716 USAG. Garg - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Genton - Harvard UniversityL. Gerhardt - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryA. Ghadimi - University of AlabamaC. Glaser - Uppsala UniversityT. Glusenkamp - Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, SwedenJ. G. Gonzalez - Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DC 19716 USAS. Goswami - Univ Nevada, Dept Phys & Astron, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USAA. Granados - Michigan State UniversityD. Grant - Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Phys, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CanadaS. J. Gray - University of Maryland, College ParkS. Griffin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Griswold - University of RochesterK. M. Groth - Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkD. Guevel - University of Wisconsin–MadisonC. Gunther - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 3, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyP. Gutjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC. Ha - Chung-Ang UniversityC. Haack - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA. Hallgren - Uppsala UniversityL. Halve - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 3, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyF. Halzen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonL. Hamacher - RWTH Aachen UniversityM. Ha Minh - Technical University of MunichM. Handt - RWTH Aachen UniversityK. Hanson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. Hardin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. A. Harnisch - Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USAP. Hatch - Queen's UniversityA. Haungs - Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Astroparticle Phys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyJ. Haussler - Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 3, D-52056 Aachen, GermanyK. Helbing - Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyJ. Hellrung - Ruhr Univ Bochum, Fak Phys & Astron, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyB. Henke - Michigan State UniversityL. Hennig - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergF. Henningsen - Simon Fraser UniversityL. Heuermann - RWTH Aachen UniversityR. Hewett - University of CanterburyN. Heyer - Uppsala UniversityS. Hickford - Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-42119 Wuppertal, GermanyA. Hidvegi - Stockholm Univ, Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenC. Hill - Chiba Univ, Dept Phys, Chiba 2638522, JapanG. C. Hill - The University of AdelaideR. Hmaid - Chiba UniversityK. D. Hoffman - Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USAD. Hooper - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS. Hori - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK. Hoshina - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. Hostert - Harvard UniversityW. Hou - Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Astroparticle Phys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyT. Huber - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyK. Hultqvist - Stockholm Univ, Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenK. Hymon - TU Dortmund Univ, Dept Phys, D-44221 Dortmund, GermanyA. Ishihara - Chiba Univ, Dept Phys, Chiba 2638522, JapanW. Iwakiri - Chiba UniversityM. Jacquart - University of CopenhagenS. Jain - University of Wisconsin–MadisonO. Janik - Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyM. Jansson - UCLouvainM. Jeong - University of UtahM. Jin - Harvard UniversityN. Kamp - Harvard UniversityD. Kang - Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Astroparticle Phys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, GermanyW. Kang - Drexel University, PhysicsX. Kang - Drexel Univ, Dept Phys, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USAA. Kappes - Univ Munster, Inst Kernphys, D-48149 Munster, GermanyL. Kardum - TU Dortmund UniversityT. Karg - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Karl - Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept, D-85748 Garching, GermanyA. Karle - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Katil - University of AlbertaT. Katori - Kings Coll London, Dept Phys, London WC2R 2LS, EnglandM. Kauer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. L. Kelley - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USAM. Khanal - University of UtahA. Khatee Zathul - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA. Kheirandish - Univ Nevada, Dept Phys & Astron, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USAH. Kimku - Chung-Ang UniversityJ. Kiryluk - SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USAC. Klein - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS. R. Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryY. Kobayashi - Chiba Univ, Dept Phys, Chiba 2638522, JapanA. Kochocki - Michigan State UniversityR. Koirala - University of DelawareH. Kolanoski - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinT. Kontrimas - Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept, D-85748 Garching, GermanyL. Kopke - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzC. Kopper - Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, D-91058 Erlangen, GermanyD. J. Koskinen - University of CopenhagenP. Koundal - University of DelawareM. Kowalski - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT. Kozynets - Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkN. Krieger - Ruhr University BochumJ. Krishnamoorthi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT. Krishnan - Harvard UniversityK. Kruiswijk - Catholic Univ Louvain, Ctr Cosmol Particle Phys & Phenomenol CP3, Louvain La Neuve, BelgiumE. Krupczak - Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USAA. Kumar - Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyE. Kun - Ruhr University BochumN. Kurahashi - Drexel University, PhysicsN. Lad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. Lagunas Gualda - Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept, D-85748 Garching, GermanyL. Lallement Arnaud - Université Libre de BruxellesM. Lamoureux - Catholic Univ Louvain, Ctr Cosmol Particle Phys & Phenomenol CP3, Louvain La Neuve, BelgiumM. J. Larson - University of Maryland, College ParkF. Lauber - University of WuppertalJ. P. Lazar - Catholic Univ Louvain, Ctr Cosmol Particle Phys & Phenomenol CP3, Louvain La Neuve, BelgiumK. Leonard DeHolton - Pennsylvania State UniversityA. Leszczynska - University of DelawareJ. Liao - Georgia Institute of TechnologyC. Lin - Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DC 19716 USAY. T. Liu - Pennsylvania State UniversityM. Liubarska - University of AlbertaC. Love - Drexel University, PhysicsL. Lu - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USAF. Lucarelli - University of GenevaW. Luszczak - The Ohio State UniversityY. Lyu - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryJ. Madsen - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Magnus - Vrije Universiteit BrusselY. Makino - University of Wisconsin–MadisonE. Manao - Technical University of MunichS. Mancina - University of PaduaA. Mand - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USAI. C. Maris - Univ Libre Bruxelles, Sci Fac CP230, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumS. Marka - Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys & Nevis Labs, New York, NY 10027 USAZ. Marka - Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys & Nevis Labs, New York, NY 10027 USAL. Marten - RWTH Aachen UniversityI. Martinez-Soler - Harvard UniversityR. Maruyama - Yale UniversityJ. 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Pries - Michigan State UniversityR. Procter-Murphy - University of Maryland, College ParkG. T. Przybylski - Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAL. Pyras - University of UtahC. Raab - Catholic Univ Louvain, Ctr Cosmol Particle Phys & Phenomenol CP3, Louvain La Neuve, BelgiumJ. Rack-Helleis - Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyN. Rad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Ravn - Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, SwedenK. Rawlins - Univ Alaska Anchorage, Dept Phys & Astron, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USAZ. Rechav - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USAA. Rehman - University of DelawareI. Reistroffer - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyE. Resconi - Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept, D-85748 Garching, GermanyS. Reusch - Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, GermanyC. D. Rho - Sungkyunkwan UniversityW. 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Yu - University of UtahT. Yuan - Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USAA. Zegarelli - Ruhr University BochumS. Zhang - Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USAZ. Zhang - Stony Brook UniversityP. Zhelnin - Harvard University PressP. Zilberman - University of Wisconsin–MadisonIceCube Collaboration
- Publication Details
- Physical review. D, v 113(7), 072009
- Publisher
- American Physical Society
- Number of pages
- 21
- Grant note
- European Union-EGI Advanced Computing for research Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; University of Wisconsin Madison NVIDIA Corporation; Nvidia Corporation Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) Australia-Australian Research Council New Zealand-Marsden Fund; Royal Society of New Zealand; Marsden Fund (NZ) Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS) USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Fo FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001761737000001
- Other Identifier
- 991022193393304721
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