Journal article
Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Strabismus The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies
Ophthalmology (Rochester, Minn.), v 118(11), pp 2251-2261
01 Nov 2011
PMID: 21856012
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
Objective: To investigate risk factors associated with esotropia or exotropia in infants and young children.
Design: Population-based cross-sectional prevalence study.
Participants: Population-based samples of 9970 children 6 to 72 months of age from California and Maryland.
Methods: Participants were preschool African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white children participating in the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Eye Disease Study. Data were obtained by parental interview and ocular examination. Odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the association of demographic, behavioral, and clinical risk factors with esotropia and exotropia.
Main Outcome Measures: Odds ratios (ORs) for various risk factors associated with esotropia or exotropia diagnosis based on cover testing.
Results: In multivariate logistic regression analysis, esotropia was associated independently with prematurity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, older preschool age (48-72 months), anisometropia, and hyperopia. There was a severity-dependent association of hyperopia with the prevalence of esotropia, with ORs increasing from 6.4 for 2.00 diopters (D) to less than 3.00 D of hyperopia, to 122.0 for 5.00 D or more of hyperopia. Exotropia was associated with prematurity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, family history of strabismus, female sex, astigmatism (OR, 2.5 for 1.50 to <2.50 D of astigmatism, and 5.9 for >= 2.5 D of astigmatism), and anisoastigmatism in the J0 component (OR, >= 2 for J0 anisoastigmatism of >= 0.25 D).
Conclusions: Prematurity and maternal smoking during pregnancy are associated with a higher risk of having esotropia and exotropia. Refractive error is associated in a severity-dependent manner to the prevalence of esotropia and exotropia. Because refractive error is correctable, these risk associations should be considered when developing guidelines for the screening and management of refractive error in infants and young children.
Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. Ophthalmology 2011;118:2251-2261 (C) 2011 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
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Details
- Title
- Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Strabismus The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies
- Creators
- Susan A. Cotter - Doheny Eye InstituteRohit Varma - Doheny Eye InstituteKristina Tarczy-Hornoch - University of Southern CaliforniaRoberta McKean-Cowdin - University of Southern CaliforniaJesse Lin - University of Southern CaliforniaGe Wen - University of Southern CaliforniaJolyn Wei - University of Southern CaliforniaMark Borchert - Children's Hospital of Los AngelesStanley P. Azen - Doheny Eye InstituteMina Torres - University of Southern CaliforniaJames M. Tielsch - Johns Hopkins UniversityDavid S. Friedman - Johns Hopkins UniversityMichael X. Repka - Johns Hopkins MedicineJoanne Katz - Johns Hopkins MedicineJosephine Ibironke - Johns Hopkins UniversityLydia Giordano - Johns Hopkins UniversityMulti-Ethnic Pediat Eye Dis Study
- Publication Details
- Ophthalmology (Rochester, Minn.), v 118(11), pp 2251-2261
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Number of pages
- 11
- Grant note
- EY14472; EY03040; EY14483 / National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI) U10EY014483 / NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI) Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York, New York; Research to Prevent Blindness (RPB)
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry (PCO)
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000296573500022
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-80255138815
- Other Identifier
- 991022156221804721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Ophthalmology