Journal article
Seasonal variations of the atmospheric muon neutrino spectrum measured with IceCube
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields, v 85(12), 1368
01 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study presents an analysis of seasonal variations in the atmospheric muon neutrino flux, using 11.3 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By leveraging a novel spectral unfolding method, we explore the energy range from 125 GeV to 10 TeV for zenith angles from 90∘ to 110∘, corresponding to the Antarctic atmosphere. Our findings reveal that the differential measurement of the amplitudes of the seasonal variation is consistent with an energy-dependent decrease reaching (-4.5 ± 1.2)% during Austral winter and increase to (+ 3.9 ± 1.3)% during Austral summer relative to the annual average at 10 TeV. While the unfolded flux exceeds the model predictions by up to 30%, the differential measurement of the seasonal to annual average flux remains unaffected. The measured seasonal variations of the muon neutrino spectrum are consistent with theoretical predictions using the MCEq code and the NRLMSISE-00 atmospheric model.
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Details
- Title
- Seasonal variations of the atmospheric muon neutrino spectrum measured with IceCube
- Creators
- R AbbasiM AckermannJ Adams - University of CanterburyS. K AgarwallaJ. A AguilarM Ahlers - University of CopenhagenJ. M Alameddine - TU Dortmund UniversityN. M AminK Andeen - Marquette UniversityC Argüelles - Harvard University PressY AshidaS AthanasiadouS. N Axani - University of DelawareR Babu - Michigan State UniversityX Bai - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyA Balagopal VM BaricevicS. W BarwickS BashV Basu - University of Wisconsin–MadisonR BayJ. J BeattyJ Becker TjusJ BeiseC BellenghiS BenZvi - University of RochesterD Berley - University of Maryland, College ParkE Bernardini - University of PaduaD. Z Besson - University of KansasE BlaufussL BloomS BlotF BontempoJ. Y Book MotzkinC Boscolo MeneguoloS BöserO Botner - Uppsala UniversityJ BöttcherJ Braun - University of Wisconsin–MadisonB BrinsonZ Brisson-Tsavoussis - Queen's UniversityJ Brostean-KaiserL Brusa - RWTH Aachen UniversityR. T Burley - The University of AdelaideD Butterfield - University of Wisconsin–MadisonM. A Campana - Drexel UniversityI CaracasK Carloni - Harvard University PressJ Carpio - University of Nevada, RenoS Chattopadhyay - Institute of Physics of the Slovak Academy of SciencesN ChauZ ChenD Chirkin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Choi - Sungkyunkwan UniversityB. A Clark - University of Maryland, College ParkA Coleman - Uppsala UniversityP ColemanG. H CollinA ConnollyJ. M Conrad - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyR Corley - University of UtahD. F Cowen - Pennsylvania State UniversityC De Clercq - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ. J DeLaunay - University of AlabamaD Delgado - Harvard University PressS DengA DesaiP DesiatiK. D de Vries - Vrije Universiteit BrusselG de WasseigeT DeYoungJ. C Díaz-VélezP Dierichs - RWTH Aachen UniversityS DiKerby - Michigan State UniversityM DittmerA Domi - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL Draper - University of UtahH Dujmovic - University of Wisconsin–MadisonD DurnfordK Dutta - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzM. A DuVernois - University of Wisconsin–MadisonT EhrhardtL EidenschinkA EimerP EllerE EllingerS El MentawiD ElsässerR EngelH Erpenbeck - University of Wisconsin–MadisonW EsmailJ EvansP. A Evenson - University of DelawareK. L FanK FangK FarragA. R Fazely - Southern UniversityA Fedynitch - Academia SinicaN FeiglS FiedlschusterC Finley - Stockholm UniversityL Fischer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYD Fox - Pennsylvania State UniversityA FranckowiakS Fukami - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYP Fürst - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ GallagherE Ganster - RWTH Aachen UniversityA GarciaM GarciaG GargE Genton - UCLouvainL GerhardtA GhadimiC Girard-Carillo - Johannes Gutenberg University MainzC Glaser - Uppsala UniversityT Glüsenkamp - Uppsala UniversityJ. G GonzalezS Goswami - University of Nevada, RenoA GranadosD GrantS. J Gray - University of Maryland, College ParkS Griffin - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Griswold - University of RochesterK. M Groth - University of CopenhagenD GuevelC GüntherP Gutjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC HaC Haack - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA HallgrenL HalveF HalzenL HamacherH HamdaouiM Ha MinhM Handt - RWTH Aachen UniversityK Hanson - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ HardinA. A Harnisch - Michigan State UniversityP Hatch - Queen's UniversityA HaungsJ Häußler - RWTH Aachen UniversityK Helbing - University of WuppertalJ HellrungJ Hermannsgabner - RWTH Aachen UniversityL HeuermannN Heyer - Uppsala UniversityS HickfordA Hidvegi - Stockholm UniversityC HillG. C Hill - The University of AdelaideR Hmaid - Chiba UniversityK. D Hoffman - University of Maryland, College ParkS Hori - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK Hoshina - The University of TokyoM Hostert - Harvard University PressW HouT HuberK HultqvistM HünnefeldR Hussain - University of Wisconsin–MadisonK HymonA IshiharaW IwakiriM Jacquart - University of Wisconsin–MadisonS Jain - University of Wisconsin–MadisonO Janik - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM Jansson - Sungkyunkwan UniversityM JeongM Jin - Harvard University PressB. J. P JonesN KampD KangW Kang - Sungkyunkwan UniversityX KangA Kappes - University of MünsterD KappesserL Kardum - TU Dortmund UniversityT Karg - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM KarlA Karle - University of Wisconsin–MadisonA Katil - University of AlbertaU KatzM Kauer - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJ. L KelleyM KhanalA Khatee ZathulA Kheirandish - University of Nevada, RenoJ Kiryluk - Stony Brook UniversityS. R Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryY Kobayashi - Chiba UniversityA KochockiR KoiralaH KolanoskiT KontrimasL KöpkeC KopperD. J KoskinenP KoundalM KowalskiT KozynetsN KriegerJ KrishnamoorthiT KrishnanK KruiswijkE KrupczakA KumarE KunN KurahashiN LadC Lagunas GualdaM LamoureuxM. J LarsonF LauberJ. P LazarK Leonard DeHoltonA LeszczyńskaJ LiaoM LincettoY. T LiuM LiubarskaC LoveL LuF LucarelliW LuszczakY LyuJ MadsenE MagnusK. B. M MahnY MakinoE ManaoS MancinaA MandW Marie SainteI. C MarişS MarkaZ MarkaM MarseeI Martinez-SolerR MaruyamaF MayhewF McNallyJ. V MeadK MeagherS MechbalA MedinaM MeierY MerckxL MertenJ MitchellL MolchanyT MontaruliR. W MooreY MoriiR MorseM MoulaiT MukherjeeR NaabM NakosU NaumannJ NeckerA NegiL NesteM NeumannH NiederhausenM. U NisaK NodaA NoellA NovikovA Obertacke PollmannV O’DellA OlivasR OrsoeJ OsbornE O’SullivanV PalusovaH PandyaN ParkG. K ParkerV ParrishE. N PaudelL PaulC Pérez de los HerosT PerniceJ PetersonA PizzutoM PlumA PonténY PopovychM Prado RodriguezB PriesR Procter-MurphyG. T PrzybylskiL PyrasC RaabJ Rack-HelleisN RadM RavnK RawlinsZ RechavA RehmanI ReistrofferE ResconiS ReuschW RhodeB RiedelA RifaieE. J RobertsS RobertsonS RodanM RongenA RostedC RottT RuheL RuohanI SafaJ SafferD Salazar-GallegosP SampathkumarA SandrockM SantanderS SarkarJ SavelbergP SavinaP SchaileM SchaufelH SchielerS SchindlerL SchlickmannB SchlüterF SchlüterN SchmeisserT SchmidtJ SchneiderF. G SchröderL SchumacherS SchwirnS SclafaniD SeckelL SeenM SeikhM SeoS SeunarineP. A Sevle MyhrR ShahS ShefaliN ShimizuM SilvaB SkrzypekB SmithersR SnihurJ SoedingreksoA SøgaardD SoldinP SoldinG SommaniC SpannfellnerG. M SpiczakC SpieringJ StachurskaM StamatikosT StanevT StezelbergerT StürwaldT StuttardG. W SullivanI TaboadaS Ter-AntonyanA TerliukA ThakuriM ThiesmeyerW. G ThompsonJ ThwaitesS TilavK TollefsonC TönnisS ToscanoD TosiA TrettinM. A Unland ElorrietaA. K UpadhyayK UpshawA VaidyanathanN Valtonen-MattilaJ VandenbrouckeN van EijndhovenD VanneromJ van SantenJ VaraF VarsiJ Veitch-MichaelisM VenugopalM VereeckenS Vergara CarrascoS VerpoestD VeskeA VijaiC WalckA WangC WeaverP WeigelA WeindlJ WeldertA. Y WenC WendtJ WerthebachM WeyrauchN WhitehornC. H WiebuschD. R WilliamsL WitthausM WolfG WredeX. W XuJ. P YanezE YildizciS YoshidaR YoungF YuS YuT YuanA ZegarelliS ZhangZ ZhangP ZhelninP ZilbermanM Zimmerman
- Publication Details
- The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields, v 85(12), 1368
- Publisher
- Springer Nature
- Number of pages
- 19
- Grant note
- USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research FoCenter for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-MadisonAdvanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services and Support (ACCESS)NVIDIA CorporationGoogle Cloud PlatformFWO Odysseus and Big Science programmesBelgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo)Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz AssociationSweden-Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Polar Research SecretariatandKnut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationEuropean Union-EGI Advanced ComputingWestGridDigital Research Alliance of CanadaDenmarkVillum FondenCarlsberg FoundationEuropean CommissionNew Zealand-Marsden FundSwitzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
The IceCube Collaboration acknowledges the significant contributions to this manuscript by Karolin Hymon. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the following agencies and institutions: USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Partnership to Advance Throughput Computing (PATh), Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services and Support (ACCESS), Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University, NVIDIA Corporation, and Google Cloud Platform; Belgium-Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen; Sweden-Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), andKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Union-EGI Advanced Computing for research; Australia-AustralianResearch Council; Canada-Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Quebec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Digital Research Alliance of Canada; DenmarkVillum Fonden, Carlsberg Foundation, and European Commission; New Zealand-Marsden Fund; Japan-Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University; Korea-National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Switzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001641354700001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105024497170
- Other Identifier
- 991022137065204721
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- Domestic collaboration
- International collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Physics, Particles & Fields