Journal article
Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups
Journal of general internal medicine : JGIM, Vol.36(6), pp.1696-1701
01 Jun 2021
PMID: 33818679
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
Background
Inequities in COVID-19 outcomes in the USA have been clearly documented for sex and race: men are dying at higher rates than women, and Black individuals are dying at higher rates than white individuals. Unexplored, however, is how sex and race interact in COVID-19 outcomes.
Objective
Use available data to characterize COVID-19 mortality rates within and between race and sex strata in two US states, with the aim of understanding how apparent sex disparities in COVID-19 deaths vary across race.
Design and Participants
This observational study uses COVID-19 mortality data through September 21, 2020, from Georgia (GA) and Michigan (MI).
Main Measures
We calculate age-specific rates for each sex-race-age stratum, and age-standardized rates for each race-sex stratum. We investigate the sex disparity within race groups and the race disparity within sex groups using age-standardized rate ratios, and rate differences.
Key Results
Within race groups, men have a higher COVID-19 mortality rate than women. Black men have the highest rate of all race-sex groups (in MI: 254.6, deaths per 100,000, 95% CI: 241.1–268.2, in GA:128.5, 95% CI: 121.0-135.9). In MI, the COVID-19 mortality rate for Black women (147.1, 95% CI: 138.7–155.4) is higher than the rate for white men (39.1, 95% CI: 37.3–40.9), white women (29.7, 95% CI: 28.3–31.0), and Asian/Pacific Islander men and women. COVID-19 mortality rates in GA followed the same pattern. In MI, the male:female mortality rate ratio among Black individuals is 1.7 (1.5–2.0) while the rate ratio among White individuals is only 1.3 (1.2–1.5).
Conclusion
While overall, men have higher COVID-19 mortality rates than women, our findings show that this sex disparity does not hold across racial groups. This demonstrates the limitations of unidimensional reporting and analyses and highlights the ways that race and gender intersect to shape COVID-19 outcomes.
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Details
- Title
- Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Vary Across US Racial Groups
- Creators
- Tamara Rushovich - Harvard UniversityMarion Boulicault - University of AdelaideJarvis T. Chen - Harvard UniversityAnn Caroline Danielsen - Harvard UniversityAmelia Tarrant - Harvard UniversitySarah S. Richardson - Harvard UniversityHeather Shattuck-Heidorn - University of Southern Maine
- Publication Details
- Journal of general internal medicine : JGIM, Vol.36(6), pp.1696-1701
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Number of pages
- 6
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Urban Health Collaborative
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000636922800005
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-85103614348
- Other Identifier
- 991022051415304721
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- International collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Health Care Sciences & Services