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Spatial impacts on gene flow may hinder linking phylogeographic data to macroevolutionary patterns
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Spatial impacts on gene flow may hinder linking phylogeographic data to macroevolutionary patterns

Ethan Fisher Gyllenhaal and Lukas J Musher
Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, v 293(2069), 20252825
22 Apr 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.2825
PMID: 42014090
Featured in Collection :   Drexel's Newest Publications
url
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.2825View
Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open

Abstract

Animals Biological Evolution Gene Flow Phylogeny Phylogeography
Biogeography relies on estimates of phylogeny and gene flow to test hypotheses. Established theory posits: (i) gene flow varies non-randomly with respect to geography and (ii) gene flow can mislead phylogenetic inference. These findings, often viewed in isolation, together suggest that spatial impacts on gene flow could bias biogeographic inference. For example, whenever a 'peripheral' population is isolated and inferred as sister to a 'core' clade of adjacent populations that exchange migrants, it might reflect elevated gene flow of 'core' populations rather than macroevolutionary processes (e.g. direction of colonization). Given this ubiquitous but often unacknowledged biogeographic setting, it remains unknown how spatial influences on gene flow impact metrics used to assess biogeographic hypotheses (e.g. branch length or monophyly). We simulate gene flow that varies non-randomly regarding geography and found that relatively low levels of gene flow lead to monophyly of adjacent populations, with longer branches for peripheral populations, regardless of true divergence history. We highlight an empirical example wherein antbirds (Thamnophilidae) are young in Amazonia, but older at Amazonia's periphery. Although it is unclear if the simulated bias applies to antbirds, our results suggest a distinguishability problem for any nodes stemming from radiations in geographically heterogeneous environments.

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