Journal article
Submicron Aerosol Composition and Source Contribution across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in Winter
ACS earth and space chemistry, v 7(1), pp 49-68
19 Jan 2023
PMID: 36704179
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
The Kathmandu valley experiences an average wintertime PM1 concentration of -100 mu g m(-3) and daily peaks over 200 mu g m(-3). We present ambient nonrefractory PM1 chemical composition, and concentration measured by a mini aerosol mass spectrometer (mAMS) sequentially at Dhulikhel (on the valley exterior), then urban Ratnapark, and finally suburban Lalitpur in winter 2018. At all sites, organic aerosol (OA) was the largest contributor to combined PM1 (C-PM1) (49%) and black carbon (BC) was the second largest contributor (21%). The average background C-PM1 at Dhulikhel was 48 mu g m(-3); the urban enhancement was 120% (58 mu g m(-3)). BC had an average of 6.1 mu g m(-3) at Dhulikhel, an urban enhancement of 17.4 mu g m(-3). Sulfate (SO4) was 3.6 mu g m(-3) at Dhulikhel, then 7.5 mu g m(-3) at Ratnapark, and 12.0 mu g m(-3) at Lalitpur in the brick kiln region. Chloride (Chl) increased by 330 and 250% from Dhulikhel to Ratnapark and Lalitpur on average. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified seven OA sources, four primary OA sources, hydrocarbon-like (HOA), biomass burning (BBOA), trash burning (TBOA), a sulfate-containing local OA source (sLOA), and three secondary oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA). OOA was the largest fraction of OA, over 50% outside the valley and 36% within. HOA (traffic) was the most prominent primary source, contributing 21% of all OA and 44% of BC. Brick kilns were the second largest contributor to C-PM1, 12% of OA, 33% of BC, and a primary emitter of aerosol sulfate. These results, though successive, indicate the importance of multisite measurements to understand ambient particulate matter concentration heterogeneity across urban regions.
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Details
- Title
- Submicron Aerosol Composition and Source Contribution across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in Winter
- Creators
- Benjamin S. Werden - Drexel Univ, Dept Civil, Architectural, Environm Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USAMichael R. Giordano - Aerodyne Res Inc, 45 Manning Rd, Billerica, MA 01821 USAKhadak Mahata - University of IowaMd. Robiul Islam - University of IowaJ. Douglas Goetz - Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USASiva Praveen Puppala - Int Ctr Integrated Mt Dev, Kathmandu 44700, NepalEri Saikawa - Emory UniversityArnico K. Panday - International Centre for Integrated Mountain DevelopmentRobert J. Yokelson - University of MontanaElizabeth A. Stone - University of IowaPeter F. DeCarlo - University of Colorado Boulder
- Publication Details
- ACS earth and space chemistry, v 7(1), pp 49-68
- Publisher
- Amer Chemical Soc
- Number of pages
- 20
- Grant note
- NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) Notes
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000894528800001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-85143909192
- Other Identifier
- 991021861179804721
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- Collaboration types
- Industry collaboration
- Domestic collaboration
- International collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
- Geochemistry & Geophysics