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The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Structural or Functional Baseline Measurements for Patients Receiving a Trabeculectomy
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Structural or Functional Baseline Measurements for Patients Receiving a Trabeculectomy

Jacqueline L. Chen, Fabio Lavinsky, Ting-Fang Lee, Ronald Zambrano and Joel S. Schuman
Ophthalmology. Glaucoma, v 9(3), pp 302-308
01 May 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogla.2025.12.007
PMID: 41461223
url
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogla.2025.12.007View
Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open CC BY-NC-ND V4.0

Abstract

Area deprivation index Glaucoma Socioeconomic status Trabeculectomy
To evaluate the association between socioeconomic status (SES; represented by a patient’s neighborhood area deprivation index) and structural and functional measurements of the eye at initial presentation for those who eventually underwent trabeculectomy. A retrospective cohort study. We identify patients who underwent a trabeculectomy and had at least 1 OCT scan and 1 visual field (VF) test before undergoing surgery. Patients of any age with either progressing glaucoma or uncontrolled intraocular pressure, or both, who underwent a trabeculectomy and were a part of the DOMAIN cohort study were included. We use a subject’s first recorded OCT scan and VF test to obtain baseline structural and functional measurements. We next use patient addresses to determine their census block, which is then matched to the corresponding proxy for SES. Univariate and multivariate regressions controlling for race, age, and gender were used to analyze the associations between SES and structural and functional measurements at baseline. The association between SES and structural and functional measures at baseline. Among the 154 eyes in the study, we find that living in an area with greater deprivation is associated with worse structural (larger cup volumes [CVs], thinner retinal nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer) and functional (lower visual field index [VFI] and mean deviation [MD]) measures at baseline. However, these associations only remained statistically significant in the multivariate analysis for CV, VFI, and MD after controlling for a patient’s race, gender, and age. In addition, when comparing those living in the best and worst neighborhoods, we find that living in the area with the highest decile level of deprivation is associated with a 6.63 dB lower MD at presentation compared to those living in areas with the least deprivation. Lower SES is associated with worse optic nerve damage and VF performance at presentation for eyes that eventually undergo trabeculectomy surgery. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

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