Journal article
The LED calibration systems for the mDOM and D-Egg sensor modules of the IceCube Upgrade: Design, production, testing and use in module calibration
Journal of instrumentation, v 20(11), P11026
01 Nov 2025
Abstract
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, instrumenting about 1 km3 of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole, is due to be enhanced with the IceCube Upgrade. The IceCube Upgrade, to be deployed during the 2025/26 Antarctic summer season, will consist of seven new strings of photosensors, densely embedded near the bottom center of the existing array. Aside from a world-leading sensitivity to neutrino oscillations, a primary goal is the improvement of the calibration of the optical properties of the instrumented ice. This calibration will be applied to the entire archive of IceCube data, improving the angular and energy resolution of the detected neutrino events. For this purpose, the Upgrade strings include a host of new calibration devices. Aside from dedicated calibration modules, several thousand LED flashers have been incorporated into the photosensor modules. We describe the design, production, and testing of these LED flashers before their integration into the sensor modules as well as the use of the LED flashers during lab testing of assembled sensor modules.
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- Title
- The LED calibration systems for the mDOM and D-Egg sensor modules of the IceCube Upgrade: Design, production, testing and use in module calibration
- Creators
- R. Abbasi - Loyola University ChicagoM. Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Adams - University of CanterburyS.K. Agarwalla - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AJ.A. Aguilar - Université Libre de BruxellesM. Ahlers - University of CopenhagenJ.M. Alameddine - TU Dortmund UniversityS. Ali - University of KansasN.M. Amin - University of DelawareK. Andeen - Marquette UniversityC. Argüelles - Harvard UniversityY. Ashida - University of UtahS. Athanasiadou - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS.N. Axani - University of DelawareR. Babu - Michigan State UniversityX. Bai - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyJ. Baines-Holmes - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AA.Balagopal V. - University of DelawareS.W. Barwick - University of California, IrvineS. Bash - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenV. Basu - University of UtahR. Bay - University of California, BerkeleyJ.J. Beatty - The Ohio State UniversityJ. Becker Tjus - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyP. Behrens - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Beise - Uppsala UniversityC. Bellenghi - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenB. Benkel - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYS. BenZvi - University of RochesterD. Berley - University of Maryland, College ParkE. Bernardini - Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, I-35122 Padova PD, ItalyD.Z. Besson - University of KansasE. Blaufuss - University of Maryland, College ParkL. Bloom - University of AlabamaS. Blot - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYI. Bodo - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AF. Bontempo - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ.Y. Book Motzkin - Harvard UniversityC. Boscolo Meneguolo - Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, I-35122 Padova PD, ItalyS. Böser - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyO. Botner - Uppsala UniversityJ. Böttcher - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Braun - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AB. Brinson - Georgia Institute of TechnologyZ. Brisson-Tsavoussis - Queen's UniversityR.T. Burley - Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, AustraliaD. Butterfield - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AM.A. Campana - Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.AK. Carloni - Harvard UniversityJ. Carpio - University of Nevada, Las VegasS. Chattopadhyay - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AN. Chau - Université Libre de BruxellesZ. Chen - Stony Brook UniversityD. Chirkin - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AS. Choi - University of UtahB.A. Clark - University of Maryland, College ParkA. Coleman - Uppsala UniversityP. Coleman - RWTH Aachen UniversityG.H. Collin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyD.A. Coloma Borja - Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, I-35122 Padova PD, ItalyA. Connolly - The Ohio State UniversityJ.M. Conrad - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyR. Corley - University of UtahD.F. Cowen - Pennsylvania State UniversityC. De Clercq - Vrije Universiteit BrusselJ.J. DeLaunay - Pennsylvania State UniversityD. Delgado - Harvard UniversityT. Delmeulle - Université Libre de BruxellesS. Deng - RWTH Aachen UniversityP. Desiati - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AK.D. de Vries - Vrije Universiteit BrusselG. de Wasseige - UCLouvainT. DeYoung - Michigan State UniversityJ.C. Díaz-Vélez - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AS. DiKerby - Michigan State UniversityM. Dittmer - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyA. Domi - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL. Draper - University of UtahL. Dueser - RWTH Aachen UniversityD. Durnford - University of AlbertaK. Dutta - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyM.A. DuVernois - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AT. Ehrhardt - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyL. Eidenschink - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenA. Eimer - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergP. Eller - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenE. Ellinger - University of WuppertalD. Elsässer - TU Dortmund UniversityR. Engel - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyH. Erpenbeck - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AW. Esmail - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyS. Eulig - Harvard UniversityJ. Evans - University of Maryland, College ParkP.A. Evenson - University of DelawareK.L. Fan - University of Maryland, College ParkK. Fang - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AK. Farrag - Chiba UniversityA.R. Fazely - Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, U.S.AA. Fedynitch - Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaN. Feigl - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinC. Finley - Stockholm UniversityL. Fischer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYD. Fox - Pennsylvania State UniversityA. Franckowiak - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyS. Fukami - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYP. Fürst - RWTH Aachen UniversityJ. Gallagher - Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AE. Ganster - RWTH Aachen UniversityA. Garcia - Harvard UniversityM. Garcia - University of DelawareG. Garg - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AE. Genton - UCLouvainL. Gerhardt - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryA. Ghadimi - University of AlabamaC. Glaser - Uppsala UniversityT. Glüsenkamp - Uppsala UniversityJ.G. Gonzalez - University of DelawareS. Goswami - University of Nevada, Las VegasA. Granados - Michigan State UniversityD. Grant - Simon Fraser UniversityS.J. Gray - University of Maryland, College ParkM. Gravois - University of AlabamaS. Griffin - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AS. Griswold - University of RochesterK.M. Groth - University of CopenhagenD. Guevel - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AC. Günther - RWTH Aachen UniversityP. Gutjahr - TU Dortmund UniversityC. Ha - Chung-Ang UniversityC. Haack - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA. Hallgren - Uppsala UniversityL. Halve - RWTH Aachen UniversityF. Halzen - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AL. Hamacher - RWTH Aachen UniversityM. Ha Minh - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenM. Handt - RWTH Aachen UniversityK. Hanson - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AJ. Hardin - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA.A. Harnisch - Michigan State UniversityP. Hatch - Queen's UniversityA. Haungs - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ. Häußler - RWTH Aachen UniversityK. Helbing - University of WuppertalJ. Hellrung - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyB. Henke - Michigan State UniversityL. Hennig - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergF. Henningsen - Simon Fraser UniversityL. Heuermann - RWTH Aachen UniversityR. Hewett - University of CanterburyN. Heyer - Uppsala UniversityS. Hickford - University of WuppertalA. Hidvegi - Stockholm UniversityC. Hill - Chiba UniversityG.C. Hill - Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, AustraliaR. Hmaid - Chiba UniversityK.D. Hoffman - University of Maryland, College ParkD. Hooper - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AS. Hori - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AK. Hoshina - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AM. Hostert - Harvard UniversityW. Hou - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyT. Huber - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyK. Hultqvist - Stockholm UniversityK. Hymon - Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaA. Ishihara - Chiba UniversityW. Iwakiri - Chiba UniversityM. Jacquart - University of CopenhagenS. Jain - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AO. Janik - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM. Jansson - UCLouvainM. Jeong - University of UtahM. Jin - Harvard UniversityN. Kamp - Harvard UniversityD. Kang - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyW. Kang - Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.AX. Kang - Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.AA. Kappes - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyL. Kardum - TU Dortmund UniversityT. Karg - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Karl - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenA. Karle - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AA. Katil - University of AlbertaM. Kauer - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AJ.L. Kelley - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AM. Khanal - University of UtahA. Khatee Zathul - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AA. Kheirandish - University of Nevada, Las VegasH. Kimku - Chung-Ang UniversityJ. Kiryluk - Stony Brook UniversityC. Klein - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS.R. Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryY. Kobayashi - Chiba UniversityA. Kochocki - Michigan State UniversityR. Koirala - University of DelawareH. Kolanoski - Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinT. Kontrimas - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenL. Köpke - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyC. Kopper - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergD.J. Koskinen - University of CopenhagenP. Koundal - University of DelawareM. Kowalski - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYT. Kozynets - University of CopenhagenN. Krieger - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyJ. Krishnamoorthi - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AT. Krishnan - Harvard UniversityK. Kruiswijk - UCLouvainE. Krupczak - Michigan State UniversityA. Kumar - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYE. Kun - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyN. Kurahashi - Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.AE.A. Kurt - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyN. Lad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC. Lagunas Gualda - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenL. Lallement Arnaud - Université Libre de BruxellesM. Lamoureux - UCLouvainM.J. Larson - University of Maryland, College ParkF. Lauber - University of WuppertalJ.P. Lazar - UCLouvainK. Leonard DeHolton - Pennsylvania State UniversityA. Leszczyńska - University of DelawareJ. Liao - Georgia Institute of TechnologyC. Lin - University of DelawareY.T. Liu - Pennsylvania State UniversityM. Liubarska - University of AlbertaC. Love - Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.AL. Lu - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AF. Lucarelli - Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, SwitzerlandW. Luszczak - The Ohio State UniversityY. Lyu - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryJ. Madsen - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AE. Magnus - Vrije Universiteit BrusselY. Makino - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AE. Manao - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenS. Mancina - Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, I-35122 Padova PD, ItalyA. Mand - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AI.C. Mariş - Université Libre de BruxellesS. Marka - Columbia UniversityZ. Marka - Columbia UniversityL. Marten - RWTH Aachen UniversityI. Martinez-Soler - Harvard UniversityR. Maruyama - University of New HavenJ. Mauro - UCLouvainF. Mayhew - Michigan State UniversityF. McNally - Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207-0001, U.S.AJ.V. Mead - University of CopenhagenK. Meagher - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AS. Mechbal - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA. Medina - The Ohio State UniversityM. Meier - Chiba UniversityY. Merckx - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL. Merten - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyT. Meures - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AJ. Mitchell - Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, U.S.AL. Molchany - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyT. Montaruli - Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, SwitzerlandR.W. Moore - University of AlbertaY. Morii - Chiba UniversityA. Mosbrugger - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergM. Moulai - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AD. Mousadi - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYE. Moyaux - UCLouvainT. Mukherjee - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyR. Naab - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Nakos - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AU. Naumann - University of WuppertalJ. Necker - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYL. Neste - Stockholm UniversityM. Neumann - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyH. Niederhausen - Michigan State UniversityM.U. Nisa - Michigan State UniversityK. Noda - Chiba UniversityA. Noell - RWTH Aachen UniversityA. Novikov - University of DelawareA. Obertacke Pollmann - Chiba UniversityV. O'Dell - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AA. Olivas - University of Maryland, College ParkR. Orsoe - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenJ. Osborn - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AE. O'Sullivan - Uppsala UniversityV. Palusova - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyH. Pandya - University of DelawareA. Parenti - Université Libre de BruxellesN. Park - Queen's UniversityV. Parrish - Michigan State UniversityE.N. Paudel - University of AlabamaL. Paul - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyC. Pérez de los Heros - Uppsala UniversityT. Pernice - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Peterson - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AM. Plum - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyA. Pontén - Uppsala UniversityV. Poojyam - University of AlabamaY. Popovych - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyM. Prado Rodriguez - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AB. Pries - Michigan State UniversityR. Procter-Murphy - University of Maryland, College ParkG.T. Przybylski - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryL. Pyras - University of UtahC. Raab - UCLouvainJ. Rack-Helleis - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyN. Rad - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYM. Ravn - Uppsala UniversityK. Rawlins - University of Alaska AnchorageZ. Rechav - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AA. Rehman - University of DelawareI. Reistroffer - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyE. Resconi - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenS. Reusch - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYC.D. Rho - Sungkyunkwan UniversityW. Rhode - TU Dortmund UniversityL. Ricca - UCLouvainB. Riedel - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AA. Rifaie - University of WuppertalE.J. Roberts - Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, AustraliaS. Robertson - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryM. Rongen - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergA. Rosted - Chiba UniversityC. Rott - University of UtahT. Ruhe - TU Dortmund UniversityL. Ruohan - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenD. Ryckbosch - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, BelgiumJ. Saffer - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyD. Salazar-Gallegos - Michigan State UniversityP. Sampathkumar - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyA. Sandrock - University of WuppertalP. Sandstrom - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AG. Sanger-Johnson - Michigan State UniversityM. Santander - University of AlabamaS. Sarkar - University of OxfordJ. Savelberg - RWTH Aachen UniversityM. Scarnera - UCLouvainP. Schaile - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenM. Schaufel - RWTH Aachen UniversityH. Schieler - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyS. Schindler - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergL. Schlickmann - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyB. Schlüter - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyF. Schlüter - Université Libre de BruxellesN. Schmeisser - University of WuppertalT. Schmidt - University of Maryland, College ParkF.G. Schröder - University of DelawareL. Schumacher - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergK. Schunter - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergS. Schwirn - RWTH Aachen UniversityS. Sclafani - University of Maryland, College ParkD. Seckel - University of DelawareL. Seen - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AM. Seikh - University of KansasS. Seunarine - University of Wisconsin–River FallsP.A. Sevle Myhr - UCLouvainR. Shah - Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.AS. Shefali - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN. Shimizu - Chiba UniversityB. Skrzypek - University of California, BerkeleyR. Snihur - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AJ. Soedingrekso - TU Dortmund UniversityA. Søgaard - University of CopenhagenD. Soldin - University of UtahP. Soldin - RWTH Aachen UniversityG. Sommani - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyC. Spannfellner - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenG.M. Spiczak - University of Wisconsin–River FallsC. Spiering - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Stachurska - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, BelgiumM. Stamatikos - The Ohio State UniversityT. Stanev - University of DelawareT. Stezelberger - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryT. Stürwald - University of WuppertalT. Stuttard - University of CopenhagenK.-H. Sulanke - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYG.W. Sullivan - University of Maryland, College ParkI. Taboada - Georgia Institute of TechnologyS. Ter-Antonyan - Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, U.S.AA. Terliuk - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenA. Thakuri - South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyP. Theobald - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyM. Thiesmeyer - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AW.G. Thompson - Harvard UniversityJ. Thwaites - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AS. Tilav - University of DelawareK. Tollefson - Michigan State UniversityS. Toscano - Université Libre de BruxellesD. Tosi - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AP. Trevarrow - University of KansasA. Trettin - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYA.K. Upadhyay - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AK. Upshaw - Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, U.S.AA. Vaidyanathan - Marquette UniversityN. Valtonen-Mattila - Uppsala UniversityJ. Valverde - Marquette UniversityJ. Vandenbroucke - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AT. Van Eeden - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYN. van Eijndhoven - Vrije Universiteit BrusselL. Van Rootselaar - TU Dortmund UniversityJ. van Santen - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYJ. Vara - Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyF. Varsi - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM. Venugopal - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyM. Vereecken - UCLouvainS. Vergara Carrasco - University of CanterburyS. Verpoest - University of DelawareD. Veske - Columbia UniversityA. Vijai - University of Maryland, College ParkJ. Villarreal - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Walck - Stockholm UniversityA. Wang - Georgia Institute of TechnologyE.H.S. Warrick - University of AlabamaC. Weaver - Michigan State UniversityP. Weigel - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. Weindl - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJ. Weldert - Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, GermanyA.Y. Wen - Harvard UniversityC. Wendt - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AJ. Werthebach - TU Dortmund UniversityM. Weyrauch - Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyN. Whitehorn - Michigan State UniversityC.H. Wiebusch - RWTH Aachen UniversityD.R. Williams - University of AlabamaL. Witthaus - TU Dortmund UniversityM. Wolf - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenG. Wrede - Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergX.W. Xu - Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, U.S.AJ.P. Yanez - University of AlbertaY. Yao - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AE. Yildizci - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AS. Yoshida - Chiba UniversityR. Young - University of KansasF. Yu - Harvard UniversityS. Yu - University of UtahT. Yuan - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.AA. Zegarelli - Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, GermanyS. Zhang - Michigan State UniversityZ. Zhang - Stony Brook UniversityP. Zhelnin - Harvard UniversityP. Zilberman - Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
- Publication Details
- Journal of instrumentation, v 20(11), P11026
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Number of pages
- 21
- Grant note
- U.S.A.-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni ResearchCenter for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-MadisonAdvanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS)NVIDIA CorporationFWO Odysseus and Big Science programmesBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeGermany -Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz AssociationPRISMA Detector Lab at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Sweden -Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Polar Research SecretariatKnut and AliceWallenberg FoundationAustralian Research CouncilWestGridDenmark -Villum FondenCarlsberg FoundationEuropean CommissionNew Zealand-Marsden Fund
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the following agencies and institutions: U.S.A.-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Partnership to Advance Throughput Computing (PATh), Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS), Frontera and Ranch computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University, NVIDIA Corporation, and Google Cloud Platform; Belgium -Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Germany -Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen and PRISMA Detector Lab at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Sweden -Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and AliceWallenberg Foundation; EuropeanUnion-EGIAdvanced Computing for research; Australia -Australian Research Council; Canada-Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Quebec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Digital Research Alliance of Canada; Denmark -Villum Fonden, Carlsberg Foundation, and European Commission; New Zealand-Marsden Fund; Japan-Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University; Korea -National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Switzerland -Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Physics
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001641196200001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105034905558
- Other Identifier
- 991022135716704721
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