The cosmic ray primary composition between 10 15 and 10 16 eV from Extensive Air Showers electromagnetic and TeV muon data

M. Aglietta; B. Alessandro; P. Antonioli; F. Arneodo; L. Bergamasco; M. Bertaina; C. Castagnoli; A. Castellina; A. Chiavassa; G. Cini; B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli; G. Di Sciascio; W. Fulgione; P. Galeotti; P.L. Ghia; M. Iacovacci; G. Mannocchi; C. Morello; G. Navarra; O. Saavedra; A. Stamerra; G.C. Trinchero; S. Valchierotti; P. Vallania; S. Vernetto; C. Vigorito; M. Ambrosio; R. Antolini; A. Baldini; G.C. Barbarino; B.C. Barish; G. Battistoni; Y. Becherini; R. Bellotti; C. Bemporad; P. Bernardini; H. Bilokon; C. Bower; M. Brigida; S. Bussino; F. Cafagna; M. Calicchio; D. Campana; M. Carboni; R. Caruso; S. Cecchini; F. Cei; V. Chiarella; B.C. Choudhary; S. Coutu; M. Cozzi; G. De Cataldo; H. Dekhissi; C. De Marzo; I. De Mitri; J. Derkaoui; M. De Vincenzi; A. Di Credico; O. Erriquez; C. Favuzzi; C. Forti; P. Fusco; G. Giacomelli; G. Giannini; N. Giglietto; M. Giorgini; M. Grassi; A. Grillo; F. Guarino; C. Gustavino; A. Habig; K. Hanson; R. Heinz; E. Iarocci; E. Katsavounidis; I. Katsavounidis; E. Kearns; H. Kim; S. Kyriazopoulou; E. Lamanna; C. Lane; D.S. Levin; P. Lipari; N.P. Longley; M.J. Longo; F. Loparco; F. Maaroufi; G. Mancarella; G. Mandrioli; A. Margiotta; A. Marini; D. Martello; A. Marzari-Chiesa; M.N. Mazziotta; D.G. Michael; P. Monacelli; T. Montaruli; M. Monteno; S. Mufson; J. Musser; D. Nicolò; R. Nolty; C. Orth; G. Osteria; O. Palamara; V. Patera; L. Patrizii; R. Pazzi; C.W. Peck; L. Perrone; S. Petrera; V. Popa; A. Rainò; J. Reynoldson; F. Ronga; C. Satriano; E. Scapparone; K. Scholberg; A. Sciubba; P. Serra; M. Sioli; G. Sirri; M. Sitta; P. Spinelli; M. Spinetti; M. Spurio; R. Steinberg; J.L. Stone; L.R. Sulak; A. Surdo; G. Tarlè; V. Togo; M. Vakili; C.W. Walter; R. Webb; MACRO Collaboration

doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2003.10.004

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The cosmic ray primary composition between 10 15 and 10 16 eV from Extensive Air Showers electromagnetic and TeV muon data

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The cosmic ray primary composition between 10 15 and 10 16 eV from Extensive Air Showers electromagnetic and TeV muon data

M. Aglietta, B. Alessandro, P. Antonioli, F. Arneodo, L. Bergamasco, M. Bertaina, C. Castagnoli, A. Castellina, A. Chiavassa, G. Cini, …

Astroparticle physics, v 20(6), pp 641-652

2004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2003.10.004

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Abstract

The cosmic ray primary composition in the energy range between 10 15 and 10 16 eV, i.e., around the “knee” of the primary spectrum, has been studied through the combined measurements of the EAS-TOP air shower array (2005 m a.s.l., 10 5 m 2 collecting area) and the MACRO underground detector (963 m a.s.l., 3100 m w.e. of minimum rock overburden, 920 m 2 effective area) at the National Gran Sasso Laboratories. The used observables are the air shower size ( N e) measured by EAS-TOP and the muon number ( N μ) recorded by MACRO. The two detectors are separated on average by 1200 m of rock, and located at a respective zenith angle of about 30°. The energy threshold at the surface for muons reaching the MACRO depth is approximately 1.3 TeV. Such muons are produced in the early stages of the shower development and in a kinematic region quite different from the one relevant for the usual N μ− N e studies. The measurement leads to a primary composition becoming heavier at the knee of the primary spectrum, the knee itself resulting from the steepening of the spectrum of a primary light component (p, He) of Δ γ=0.7±0.4 at E 0∼4×10 15 eV. The result confirms the ones reported from the observation of the low energy muons at the surface (typically in the GeV energy range), showing that the conclusions do not depend on the production region kinematics. Thus, the hadronic interaction model used (CORSIKA/QGSJET) provides consistent composition results from data related to secondaries produced in a rapidity region exceeding the central one. Such an evolution of the composition in the knee region supports the “standard” galactic acceleration/propagation models that imply rigidity dependent breaks of the different components, and therefore breaks occurring at lower energies in the spectra of the light nuclei.

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Title: The cosmic ray primary composition between 10 15 and 10 16 eV from Extensive Air Showers electromagnetic and TeV muon data
Creators: M. Aglietta - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
B. Alessandro - INFN, Sezione di Torino 10125 Torino, Italy
P. Antonioli - University of Bologna
F. Arneodo - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, 67010 Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
L. Bergamasco - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
M. Bertaina - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
C. Castagnoli - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
A. Castellina - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
A. Chiavassa - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
G. Cini - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
B. D’Ettorre Piazzoli - Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Napoli and INFN, 80125 Napoli, Italy
G. Di Sciascio - University of Naples Federico II
W. Fulgione - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
P. Galeotti - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
P.L. Ghia - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
M. Iacovacci - University of Naples Federico II
G. Mannocchi - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
C. Morello - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
G. Navarra - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
O. Saavedra - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
A. Stamerra - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
G.C. Trinchero - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
S. Valchierotti - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
P. Vallania - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
S. Vernetto - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario del CNR, Sezione di Torino 10133 Torino, and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
C. Vigorito - Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino and INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
M. Ambrosio - University of Naples Federico II
R. Antolini - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, 67010 Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
A. Baldini - University of Pisa
G.C. Barbarino - University of Naples Federico II
B.C. Barish - California Institute of Technology
G. Battistoni - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
Y. Becherini - University of Bologna
R. Bellotti - University of Bari Aldo Moro
C. Bemporad - University of Pisa
P. Bernardini - University of Salento
H. Bilokon - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
C. Bower - Indiana University
M. Brigida - University of Bari Aldo Moro
S. Bussino - Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Roma Tre and INFN Sezione Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
F. Cafagna - University of Bari Aldo Moro
M. Calicchio - University of Bari Aldo Moro
D. Campana - University of Naples Federico II
M. Carboni - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
R. Caruso - University of L'Aquila
S. Cecchini - University of Bologna
F. Cei - University of Pisa
V. Chiarella - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
B.C. Choudhary - California Institute of Technology
S. Coutu - University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
M. Cozzi - University of Bologna
G. De Cataldo - University of Bari Aldo Moro
H. Dekhissi - University of Bologna
C. De Marzo - University of Bari Aldo Moro
I. De Mitri - University of Salento
J. Derkaoui - University of Bologna
M. De Vincenzi - Roma Tre University
A. Di Credico - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, 67010 Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
O. Erriquez - University of Bari Aldo Moro
C. Favuzzi - University of Bari Aldo Moro
C. Forti - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
P. Fusco - University of Bari Aldo Moro
G. Giacomelli - University of Bologna
G. Giannini - University of Pisa
N. Giglietto - University of Bari Aldo Moro
M. Giorgini - University of Bologna
M. Grassi - University of Pisa
A. Grillo - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, 67010 Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
F. Guarino - University of Naples Federico II
C. Gustavino - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, 67010 Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
A. Habig - Boston University
K. Hanson - University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
R. Heinz - Indiana University
E. Iarocci - Sapienza University of Rome
E. Katsavounidis - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
I. Katsavounidis - California Institute of Technology
E. Kearns - Boston University
H. Kim - California Institute of Technology
S. Kyriazopoulou - California Institute of Technology
E. Lamanna - University of Calabria
C. Lane - Drexel University
D.S. Levin - University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
P. Lipari - Sapienza University of Rome
N.P. Longley - Macalester College
M.J. Longo - University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
F. Loparco - University of Bari Aldo Moro
F. Maaroufi - University of Bologna
G. Mancarella - University of Salento
G. Mandrioli - University of Bologna
A. Margiotta - University of Bologna
A. Marini - DELL (United States)
D. Martello - University of Salento
A. Marzari-Chiesa - University of Turin
M.N. Mazziotta - University of Bari Aldo Moro
D.G. Michael - California Institute of Technology
P. Monacelli - University of L'Aquila
T. Montaruli - University of Bari Aldo Moro
M. Monteno - University of Turin
S. Mufson - Indiana University
J. Musser - Indiana University
D. Nicolò - University of Pisa
R. Nolty - California Institute of Technology
C. Orth - Boston University
G. Osteria - University of Naples Federico II
O. Palamara - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, 67010 Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
V. Patera - Sapienza University of Rome
L. Patrizii - University of Bologna
R. Pazzi - University of Pisa
C.W. Peck - California Institute of Technology
L. Perrone - University of Salento
S. Petrera - University of L'Aquila
V. Popa - University of Bologna
A. Rainò - University of Bari Aldo Moro
J. Reynoldson - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, 67010 Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
F. Ronga - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
C. Satriano - University of Basilicata
E. Scapparone - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, 67010 Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
K. Scholberg - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
A. Sciubba - Sapienza University of Rome
P. Serra - University of Bologna
M. Sioli - University of Bologna
G. Sirri - University of Bologna
M. Sitta - University of Turin
P. Spinelli - University of Bari Aldo Moro
M. Spinetti - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
M. Spurio - University of Bologna
R. Steinberg - Drexel University
J.L. Stone - Boston University
L.R. Sulak - Boston University
A. Surdo - University of Salento
G. Tarlè - University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
V. Togo - University of Bologna
M. Vakili - Texas A&M University
C.W. Walter - Boston University
R. Webb - Texas A&M University
MACRO Collaboration
Publication Details: Astroparticle physics, v 20(6), pp 641-652
Publisher: Elsevier
Resource Type: Journal article
Language: English
Academic Unit: Physics
Web of Science ID: WOS:000220069700003
Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-1242351107
Other Identifier: 991019297063904721

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Collaboration types: Domestic collaboration; International collaboration
Web of Science research areas: Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields

The cosmic ray primary composition between 10 15 and 10 16 eV from Extensive Air Showers electromagnetic and TeV muon data

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