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The (not completely irreversible) population of a misfolded state of cytochrome c under folding conditions
Journal article   Peer reviewed

The (not completely irreversible) population of a misfolded state of cytochrome c under folding conditions

Jonathan B Soffer, Emma Fradkin, Leah A Pandiscia and Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner
Biochemistry (Easton), v 52(8), pp 1397-1408
26 Feb 2013
PMID: 23368898

Abstract

Oxidation-Reduction Models, Molecular Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet Protein Folding Cytochromes c - chemistry Myocardium - enzymology Animals Horses Protein Conformation Spectrum Analysis, Raman Protein Stability Circular Dichroism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
This paper reports the discovery of a (meta)stable partially unfolded state of horse heart ferricytochrome c that was obtained after exposing the protein to a solution with an alkaline pH of 11.5 for 1 week. Thereafter, the protein did not undergo any detectable change in its secondary and tertiary structure upon adjusting the solution to folding promoting conditions at neutral pH. Spectroscopic data suggest that the misfolded protein exhibits a hexacoordinated low-spin state with a hydroxyl ion as the likely ligand. Below pH 6, a new ligation state emerges with the spectroscopic characteristics of a pentacoordinated quantum mixed state of the heme iron. Gel electrophoresis revealed substantial formation of soluble dimers and trimers at submillimolar concentrations, whereas monomers were dominant at lower, micromolar concentrations. Ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra indicate that oxidized monomers are pre-molten globule to globule-like with a substantial fraction of secondary (helical) structure reminiscent of alkaline state V. The oligomers contain even more helical structure, which suggests domain swapping as the underlying mechanism of their formation. A substantial fraction of the submillimolar mixture of monomers and oligomers underwent a reduction of the heme iron. Its dependence on pH suggests the coupling to a proton transfer process. Altogether, our data indicate a partially unfolded ferricytochrome c conformation with spectroscopic characteristics reminiscent of the recently discovered alkaline isomer V(b), which is stabilized under folding conditions by exposing the protein to a very alkaline pH for an extended period of time.

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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
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