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Towards climate-responsive cities: developing a heat vulnerability index for Jodhpur City, India
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Towards climate-responsive cities: developing a heat vulnerability index for Jodhpur City, India

Rachit Sharma, Ritika Kapoor, Abhiyant Tiwari, Kim Knowlton and Vijay S. Limaye
The journal of climate change and health, v 27, 100614
01 Jan 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2025.100614
Featured in Collection :   UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
url
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2025.100614View
Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open CC BY-NC-ND V4.0

Abstract

Climate adaptation main text Heat Heat vulnerability index Vulnerability Climate Change
• Hyperlocal, ward-level heat vulnerability assessment of Jodhpur city. • Integration of 11 socio-environmental indicators into Heat Vulnerability Index. • 25 wards highly vulnerable, 35 moderately vulnerable, and 20 with low vulnerability. Climate change intensifies heat risks in urban areas, and spatial vulnerability assessments are essential for informing targeted adaptation strategies. We developed a preliminary ward-level Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) for Jodhpur City, India, integrating exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity domains to characterize hyperlocal variation in heat vulnerability. A two-step Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to integrate 11 standardized socio-demographic and environmental indicators into composite scores. First, domain-specific PCA reduced dimensionality by identifying principal components that captured maximum variance within each domain. Second, standardized weights for individual indicators were derived from their loadings and contributions to variance within the retained components. Weighted domain scores were combined to calculate the overall HVI. Heat vulnerability varied across Jodhpur’s 80 wards, with 25 highly vulnerable, 35 moderately vulnerable, and 20 with low vulnerability. Exposure was driven by an inverse relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and population density. Wards with higher population density tended to have lower LST values owing to shaded streets and traditional adaptations such as reflective roofs, while sparsely populated wards had higher LST. Sensitivity findings highlighted demographic and socio-economic heat susceptibility factors, including higher proportions of children aged 0–6 years, females, and marginalized caste groups. Adaptive capacity was primarily shaped by higher literacy rates, proximity to urban health centers, greater green cover, and presence of water resources. The preliminary HVI improves understanding of heat vulnerability at the ward-level. Our findings can inform decision-making to ensure equitable heat adaptation in Jodhpur City.

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

This publication has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:

#14 Life Below Water
#3 Good Health and Well-Being
#13 Climate Action

Source: SDGs in the Output

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Collaboration types
International collaboration
Web of Science research areas
Environmental Sciences
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
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