Journal article
Updated trends in the global prevalence and burden of mental disorders, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
The Lancet (British edition), v 407(10543), pp 2040-2064
23 May 2026
PMID: 42167272
Abstract
The 2023 iteration of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) estimated prevalence, incidence, and health burden for 375 diseases and injuries, including 12 mental disorders. We assess past, current, and emerging trends in the prevalence and burden of mental disorders across sexes and age groups, for 21 regions, 204 countries and territories, and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, from 1990 to 2023.
Mental disorders included in GBD 2023 were anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. A literature review identified epidemiological data for each disorder. These were analysed via a Bayesian meta-regression to estimate prevalence by disorder, sex, age, location, and year. Disorder-specific prevalence was multiplied by disability weights representing the severity of health loss associated with each disorder to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Deaths due to anorexia nervosa were assessed with a Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to estimate deaths by sex, age, location, and year, and then multiplied by the standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). YLDs equalled disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all mental disorders except anorexia nervosa (the only mental disorder considered as an underlying cause of death in GBD), for which DALYs represented the sum of YLDs and YLLs. We presented prevalence, deaths, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs as counts, age-specific rates per 100 000 population, and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population.
We estimated 1·17 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·06–1·31) prevalent cases of mental disorders globally in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised prevalence rate of 14 210·7 cases (12 849·5–15 940·1) per 100 000 population. These estimates represented a 95·5% (75·0–121·2) increase in prevalent cases and 24·2% (11·4–41·4) increase in age-standardised prevalence rate between 1990 and 2023. All mental disorders showed increases in prevalent cases between 1990 and 2023, while notable increases were seen in age-standardised prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, schizophrenia, and conduct disorder. There were an estimated 171 million (127–228) DALYs due to mental disorders globally across sex and age in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised DALY rate of 2070·5 DALYs (1519·1–2750·5) per 100 000 population. Mental disorders contributed to 6·1% (4·8–7·6) of all-cause DALYs in 2023, making them the fifth leading cause of global DALYs (up from 12th in 1990). DALYs were almost entirely composed of YLDs. Mental disorders were the leading cause of YLDs in 2023 (up from second in 1990), explaining 17·3% (14·8–20·6) of all-cause global YLDs. Leading causes of mental disorder DALYs were anxiety disorders (ranked 11th among the 304 diseases and injuries at Level 4 of the GBD cause hierarchy), major depressive disorder (15th), and schizophrenia (41st). Globally in 2023, mental disorder age-standardised DALY rates were higher among females (2239·6 [1643·7–3014·1] per 100 000) than among males (1900·2 [1399·8–2510·8] per 100 000), and peaked in the 15–19 years age group (2617·3 [1850·6–3696·8] per 100 000). All locations showed increased mental disorder DALY rates in 2023 compared with 1990, ranging across countries and territories from 1302·4 (952·7–1683·7) per 100 000 in Viet Nam to 3555·8 (2661·9–4715·0) per 100 000 in the Netherlands. Across SDI quintiles, DALY rates ranged from 1853·0 (1352·1–2469·3) per 100 000 for middle SDI to 2184·1 (1606·1–2890·3) per 100 000 for high SDI.
A significant health burden was imposed by mental disorders in all countries and territories in 2023, irrespective of the health resources available. In some instances, this burden has increased over time and is unevenly distributed across populations. Stronger surveillance systems, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are required. Additionally, we need more coordinated and inclusive policies to reduce the burden through early treatment and prevention, tailored to sex and age differences across locations. Responding to the mental health needs of our global population, especially those most vulnerable, is an obligation, not a choice.
Gates Foundation, Queensland Health, and University of Queensland.
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- Title
- Updated trends in the global prevalence and burden of mental disorders, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
- Creators
- Damian F Santomauro - Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, AustraliaPaul Anthony Miller - School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaJamileh Shadid - Queensland Centre for Mental Health ResearchSarah Wulf Hanson - University of WashingtonAnh Vo - University of WashingtonDarius Jake Roy - University of WashingtonHailey Hagins - University of WashingtonAna M Mantilla Herrera - School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaJames G Scott - Child and Youth Mental Health Service (CYMHS), Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaHolly E Erskine - School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaJohn J McGrath - The University of QueenslandHasan Aalruz - Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanHedayat Abbastabar - Tehran University of Medical SciencesNadin M.I. Abdel Razeq - University of JordanAhmed Abdelrahman Abdelgalil - King Saud UniversityAli Abdolizadeh - St. George's UniversityDeldar Morad Abdulah - University of DuhokAbisola Esther Abdulmalik - University of Medical Sciences, OndoMeklit Girma Abebe - Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Landmark General Hospital, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaMesfin Abebe - Dilla UniversityHabtamu Abebe Getahun - University of GondarRoberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga - Sierra Medical Ltd. (United Kingdom)Olifan Zewdie Abil - University of Tennessee Health Science CenterRichard Gyan Aboagye - University of Health and Allied SciencesShady Abohashem - Massachusetts General HospitalAbdullahi Tunde Aborode - Mississippi State UniversityMoaz Elsayed Abouelmagd - Cairo UniversityMohammad T. Abuawwad - Cairo UniversityAminu Kende Abubakar - St. Luke's International UniversityRana Kamal Abu-Farha - Applied Science Private UniversitySawsan Abuhammad - University of SharjahAhmad Y Abuhelwa - University of SharjahHana J Abukhadijah - Hamad bin Khalifa UniversitySalahdein Aburuz - United Arab Emirates UniversityMeshack Achore - Hofstra UniversityLawan Hassan Adamu - Federal University DutseNuhu Lawan Adamu - Adama Science and Technology UniversityZenaw Debasu Addisu - Bahir Dar UniversityIsaac Yeboah Addo - UNSW SydneyTajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi - Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, NigeriaBabatope Oluwadamilare Adebiyi - University of CalgaryDavid Adedia - University of Health and Allied SciencesRufus Adesoji Adedoyin - Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NigeriaDhikroh Oriyomi Adekola - University of IlorinSaheed Ayodeji Adekola - University of AbujaOlumide Thomas Adeleke - Bowen UniversityMakinde Adebayo Adeniyi - Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Federal Medical Center Abeokuta, Abeokuta, NigeriaMiracle Ayomikun Adesina - University of IbadanUsha Adiga - Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & ResearchMohd Adnan - University of Ha'ilQorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani - Padjadjaran UniversityObed Adonteng-Kissi - Edith Cowan UniversityDavid Adzrago - The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonGiuseppina Affinito - Federico II University HospitalHabeeb Abiodun Afolabi - Osun State UniversityThilini Chanchala Agampodi - Rajarata University of Sri LankaNavidha Aggarwal - Maharishi Markandeshwar University, MullanaCésar Agostinis Sobrinho - SPRINTPrince Agwu - University of DundeeWilliams Agyemang-Duah - Queen's UniversityAdamu Adamu Ahmad - University of NizwaKhabir Ahmad - King Khaled Eye Specialist HospitalKhurshid Ahmad - Qassim UniversitySajjad Ahmad - Abasyn UniversitySuhaib Ahmad - Department of General Surgery, School of Surgery Wales, Swansea, UKTauseef Ahmad - Zhejiang UniversityNegar Sadat Ahmadi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAli Ahmed - Birmingham VA Medical CenterAram Mahmood Ahmed - Duy Tan UniversityAyman Ahmed - University of KhartoumMeqdad Saleh Ahmed - University of DuhokNesredin Ahmed - Haramaya UniversityOli Ahmed - University of ChittagongSyed Anees Ahmed - East Carolina UniversityMarjan Ajami - Shahid Beheshti UniversityKasuni H.M. Akalanka - Charles Sturt UniversityMuhammad Nadeem Akhtar - University of LahoreWole Akosile - Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaAshley E Akrami - Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USASalah Al Awaidy - Middle East CollegeOmar Al Omari - Sultan Qaboos UniversityMohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi - The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonTariq A Alalwan - University of BahrainKhurshid Alam - Murdoch UniversityRasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer - Yarmouk UniversityAmani N. Alansari - Hamad Medical CorporationAbdullah Alarifi - Saudi Center for Organ TransplantationFahmi Y Al-Ashwal - Al-Ayen Iraqi UniversityMohammed Albashtawy - Al al-Bayt UniversityNader Al-Dewik - Hamad Medical CorporationAbdulelah Mastour Aldhahir - Jazan UniversityAli M Alfalki - University of South CarolinaFahad D Algahtani - University of Ha'ilFadwa Naji Alhalaiqa - Qatar UniversityAshraf Alhumaidi - Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityIrfan Ali - Aligarh Muslim UniversityKamran Ali - Qatar UniversityMohammad Daud Ali - University of Management and TechnologyMohammed Usman Ali - University of MaiduguriRafat Ali - Jamia Millia IslamiaSyed Shujait Ali - University of SwatMontaha Al-Iede - University of JordanHamid Alinejad Rokny - UNSW SydneySamah W Al-Jabi - An-Najah National UniversityAdel Al-Jumaily - School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaAhmad Alkhatib - Birmingham City UniversitySameer Abdulmalik Alkubati - Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi ArabiaMohammed Z. Allouh - United Arab Emirates UniversitySabah Al-Marwani - Independent Consultant, Amman, JordanJoseph Uy Almazan - Nazarbayev UniversityAmr Almobayed - University of MiamiKhaldoon Aied Alnawafleh - University of TabukMargret Beaula Alocious Sukumar - SRM School of Public Health, Chennai, IndiaMohammad A Y Alqudah - University of SharjahAhmad Rajeh Al-Qudimat - Hamad Medical CorporationNajim Z Alshahrani - University of JeddahAbdullah Alshami - Hamad Medical CorporationZaid Altaany - Higher Colleges of TechnologyAwais Altaf - University of LahoreMalik A Althobiani - King Abdulaziz UniversityKhalid A Altirkawi - University of SharjahDiala Altwalbeh - Al-Balqa Applied UniversityDeborah Oyine Aluh - University of Greater ManchesterJavier Alvarez-Galvez - Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, SpainHassan Alwafi - Umm al-Qura UniversityMohammad Al-Wardat - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyYaser Mohammed Al-Worafi - Fakeeh College for Medical SciencesAbdallah Alzoubi - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyKarem H Alzoubi - Qatar UniversityAdel S Al-Zubairi - Sana'a UniversityMd. Akib Al-Zubayer - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchMasoud Aman Mohammadi - Urmia University of Medical SciencesMcKing Izeiza Amedari - University of Mississippi Medical CenterFaten Amer - An-Najah National UniversityAlireza Amindarolzarbi - University of Maryland, BaltimoreSaeed Amini - Imam Khomeini HospitalSohrab Amiri - Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesDickson A Amugsi - African Population and Health Research CenterEtsay Woldu Anbesu - Samara UniversityDavid B Anderson - Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaSong Peng Ang - Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyEbuka Miracle Anieto - University of SuffolkAbhishek Anil - All India Institute of Medical Sciences BhubaneswarKabilan Annadurai - Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & ResearchSumbul Ansari - Galgotias UniversitySaleha Anwar - Jamia Millia IslamiaAnayochukwu Edward Anyasodor - Charles Sturt UniversityGeminn Louis Carace Apostol - Department of HealthJalal Arabloo - Iran University of Medical SciencesAleksandr Y Aravkin - University of WashingtonIrfan Ardani - Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency in Indonesia, Bogor, IndonesiaReza Arefnezhad - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesJorge Arias de la Torre - King's College LondonBenedetta Armocida - Istituto Superiore di SanitàVictoria Kiriaki Arnet - Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaJesu Arockiaraj - SRIGustavo Aires de Arruda - School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, BrazilMahdi Arshadi - Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USANurila Aryntayeva - Kazakh National Medical UniversityNabiy Arystan - Nazarbayev UniversityMuhammad Asaduzzaman - University of OsloSyed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq - Alfaisal UniversityBryndis Bjork Asgeirsdottir - Reykjavík UniversitySyed Amir Ashraf - Jamia HamdardTahira Ashraf - Sakarya UniversityMitra Ashrafi - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesBilal Aslam - Lahore General HospitalMuhammad Shahzad Aslam - Xiamen University MalaysiaYuni Asri - Institut Teknologi Nasional MalangBatyrbek Assembekov - Kazakh National Medical UniversityThomas Astell-Burt - School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaOmer Atac - Istanbul Medipol UniversityPrince Atorkey - School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, AustraliaMaha Moh'd Wahbi Atout - Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, JordanAbadi Hailay Atsbaha - Adigrat UniversityKhursheed Aurangzeb - King Saud UniversityCamila Ospina Ayala - Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, BrazilLemessa Assefa A Ayana - Wollega UniversityTigabu Munye Aytenew - Debre Tabor UniversityJose L Ayuso-Mateos - Department of Psychiatry, Autonomous University of Madrid (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, SpainArian Azadnia - Kurdistan University of Medical SciencesAli Azargoonjahromi - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesSumera Aziz - University of AlbertaHosein Azizi - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesAhmed Y Azzam - ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, USAGiridhara Rathnaiah Babu - Qatar UniversityAbebe Sorsa Badacho - Wolaita Sodo UniversitySoroush Baghdadi - University of California, Los AngelesNasser Bagheri - University of CanberraKhlood K Baghlaf - King Abdulaziz UniversityNajmeh Bahmanziari - Tehran University of Medical SciencesRuhai Bai - Nanjing Children's HospitalAtif Amin Baig - University of TabukMohamad Amin Bakhshali - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesJose Balmori-de-la-Miyar - Universidad AnáhuacKhushbu Balsara - Johns Hopkins UniversityOvidiu Constantin Baltatu - Alfaisal UniversityMaciej Banach - University of Zielona GóraRajon Banik - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchSuzanne Lyn Barker-Collo - University of AucklandTill Winfried Bärnighausen - Heidelberg UniversityMD Abu Bashar - All India Institute of Medical Sciences GorakhpurMuhammad Irfan Bashir - Sultan Zainal Abidin UniversityShahid Bashir - University of LahoreRehana Basri - Jouf UniversityMohammad-Mahdi Bastan - Tehran University of Medical SciencesKavita Batra - University of Nevada, Las VegasNarasimha M Beeraka - Sechenov UniversityMassimiliano Beghi - Department of Mental Health, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, ItalyDemeke Mesfin Belay - Charles Darwin UniversityYared Belete Belay - Monash UniversitySamir Bele - Madurai Kamaraj UniversityMaryam Bemanalizadeh - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesCorina Benjet - Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, MexicoDerrick A Bennett - University of OxfordSamiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune - BRAC UniversityKenfe Tesfay Berhe - Mekelle UniversityAbiye Assefa Berihun - Johns Hopkins UniversitySonu Bhaskar - National Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterShuvarthi Bhattacharjee - University of BrightonAshmin Hari Bhattarai - University of British ColumbiaGurjit Kaur Bhatti - Chandigarh UniversityJasvinder Singh Bhatti - Central University of PunjabRajbir Bhatti - Guru Nanak Dev UniversityMekuriaw Mesfin Birhan - Bahir Dar UniversityMohammad Shahangir Biswas - University of Science and Technology ChittagongMonirujjaman Biswas - Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, IndiaBruno Bizzozero-Peroni - Karolinska InstitutetTrupti Bodhare - All India Institute of Medical SciencesVirginia Bodolica - School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesLucimere Bohn - Faculty of Sport - Research Centre for Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, PortugalObasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa - University of LondonArchith Boloor - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationAzizbek A Boltaev - Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn SinoSanaz Bordbar - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMina Borran - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesSamuel Adolf Bosoka - University of Health and Allied SciencesAlejandro Botero Carvajal - Universidad Santiago de CaliLaurent Boyer - Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur les Services de Santé et la Qualité de VieNicholas J K Breitborde - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USASusanne Breitner - Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGabrielle Britton - CEVAXIN, Panama City, PanamaTraolach Brugha - Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UKLinh Phuong Bui - Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and PopulationRichard A Burns - National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaAkeem Olayinka Busari - Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, NigeriaYasser Bustanji - University of JordanZahid A Butt - School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaHollie Byrne - The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaRose Cairns - Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaLuis Alberto Cámera - Hospital Italiano de Buenos AiresLuciana Aparecida Campos - Anhembi Morumbi UniversityYuchen Cao - Department of Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaAndre F Carvalho - Deakin UniversityFelix Carvalho - Universidade do PortoMárcia Carvalho - Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, PortugalJoao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia - Universidade de São PauloGiulio Castelpietra - Division of Country Health Policies and Systems (CPS), World Health Organisation, Trieste, ItalyFerrán Catalá-López - Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, SpainArthur Caye - Universidade de São PauloFrancieli Cembranel - Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaEster Cerin - Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaPamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita - Universidad Científica del SurPromit Ananyo Chakraborty - University of British ColumbiaSandip Chakraborty - State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, IndiaSanjoy Kumar Chanda - Khulna UniversityRama Mohan Chandika - Jazan UniversityMiyuru Chandradasa - University of KelaniyaChin-Kuo Chang - National Taiwan UniversityJeremy R Chang - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityJung-Chen Chang - College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanVijay Kumar Chattu - Semey Medical UniversityLam Duc Chau - The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonAnis Ahmad Chaudhary - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversitySirshendu Chaudhuri - Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, IndiaFentahun Alemnew Chekole - Bahir Dar UniversityHaiyan Chen - Clinical Project Management Office, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, ChinaHana Chen - Curtin UniversityHaowei Chen - Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, ChinaHui Chen - Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalShanquan Chen - London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineS I Chen - Beihua UniversityXiang Chen - King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyWai Tong Chien - Chinese University of Hong KongPatrick R Ching - Virginia Commonwealth UniversityWilliam C S Cho - Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, ChinaDong-Woo Choi - Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South KoreaSonali Gajanan Choudhari - Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IndiaEnayet Karim Chowdhury - Curtin UniversityRajiv Chowdhury - Florida International UniversityNikos Christodoulou - University of ThessalyDinh-Toi Chu - The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet NamHongyuan Chu - Peking UniversitySunghyun Chung - Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USAArrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero - University of BolognaLiliana G Ciobanu - Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaScott Richard Clark - Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaSamuele Cortese - University of SouthamptonPaolo Angelo Cortesi - Research Center on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, ItalyClaudia Cosma - University of FlorenceNatalia Cruz-Martins - University of MinhoPatricia Cullen - UNSW SydneyOmid Dadras - Government of the Northern TerritoryEphrem Mebratu Dagnew - Debre Markos UniversityAïcha Dahdouh - GHU Paris Psychiatrie et neurosciences, Public Health France, Paris, FranceXiaochen Dai - University of WashingtonZhaoli Dai - UNSW SydneyEmanuele D'Amico - University of FoggiaLalit Dandona - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USARakhi Dandona - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USASamuel E Danso - Ghana Health ServiceLatefa Ali Dardas - University of JordanAso Mohammad Darwesh - Chulalongkorn UniversityAlejandro de la Torre-Luque - Universidad Complutense de MadridJan-Walter De Neve - School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USASindhura Deekonda - Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USALouisa Degenhardt - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USAParia Dehesh - Kerman University of Medical SciencesIvan Delgado-Enciso - School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, MexicoMohammad Delsoz - University of Tennessee at KnoxvilleIsmail Dergaa - Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba, TunisiaHunegnaw Almaw Derseh - Bahir Dar UniversityEmina Dervišević - University of SarajevoAragaw Tesfaw Desale - Debre Tabor UniversityVinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu - Chettinad Academy of Research and EducationDevananda Devegowda - SRISyed Masudur Rahman Dewan - University of DhakaAmol S Dhane - Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, PuneSreedhar Dharmagadda - Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, IndiaMeghnath Dhimal - Nepal Health Research CouncilShalik Ram Dhital - Merseburg University of Applied SciencesBibha Dhungel - Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaGiuseppe Di Martino - University of Chieti-PescaraDiana Dias da Silva - Escola Superior de Saúde (Higher School of Health), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (Polytechnic Institute of Porto), Porto, PortugalDaniel Diaz - Public Health Intelligence Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, MexicoDiego Diaz-Milanes - University of CanberraDelaney D Ding - University of FloridaMonica Dinu - University of FlorenceMai Ngoc Do - Vietnam National University, HanoiSushil Dohare - Jazan UniversityNeda Dolatkhah - Iran University of Medical SciencesDavid Mawutor Donkor - University of Cape CoastOjas Prakashbhai Doshi - Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, USARobert Kokou Dowou - University of Health and Allied SciencesMenayit Tamrat Dresse - University of PittsburghEmeka W Dumbili - University College DublinSiddhartha Dutta - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RajkotAngel Belle Cheng Dy - Ateneo de Manila UniversityEjemai Eboreime - Dalhousie UniversityLamiaa Labieb Mahmoud Ebraheim - Zagazig UniversityDavid Edvardsson - School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaFerry Efendi - Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, IndonesiaTerje Andreas Eikemo - Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyRabie Adel El Arab - Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaIman El Sayed - Alexandria UniversityAya Elalfy - Mayo ClinicSaid El-Ashker - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityIffat Elbarazi - United Arab Emirates UniversityFrank J Elgar - McGill UniversityMuhammed Elhadi - University of SeoulOmar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy - Alexandria UniversityMohamed Hassan Elnaem - School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UKGihan ELNahas - Ain Shams UniversityAbdelgawad Salah Eltahawy - Damanhour UniversitySharareh Eskandarieh - Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJose Javier Estevez - Flinders UniversityCrystal Amiel M Estrada - University of the Philippines ManilaFarshid Etaee - University of New HavenAdewale Oluwaseun Fadaka - Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterHeidar Fadavian - Tarbiat Modares UniversityAdeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe - University of IbadanAyesha Fahim - Riphah International UniversityMohamad Anis Fahmi - Faculty of Public HealthQiping Fan - Clemson UniversityNiloofar Faraji - Guilan University of Medical SciencesMoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris - Applied Science Private UniversityAndre Faro - Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, BrazilNelsensius Klau Fauk - Torrens University AustraliaTimur Fazylov - Kazakh National Medical UniversityGinenus Fekadu - City University of Hong KongXiaoqi Feng - UNSW SydneyTalukdar Raian Ferdous - University of HoustonAbdullah H Feroze - Department of Neurosurgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USAAllegra Ferrari - University of AntwerpNuno Ferreira - University of NicosiaGetahun Fetensa - Wollega UniversityNatan Feter - Deparment of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USABikila Regassa Feyisa - Wollega UniversityKebede Feyisa - Bahir Dar UniversityMarta Figueiredo - Escola Superior de Saúde do AlcoitãoFlorian Fischer - Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinFederica Fogacci - University of BolognaArianna Fornari - Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaDaniela Fortuna - Emilia-Romagna Region - Innovation in Healthcare and Social Services Department, Bologna, ItalyCelia Fortuna Rodrigues - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, PortugalAmi Fukunaga - Hiroshima UniversityPeter Andras Gaal - Semmelweis UniversityDominic Dormenyo Gadeka - University of GhanaMárió Gajdács - University of SzegedAdamu Usman Gamawa - University of MaiduguriQuan Gan - Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, FranceBalasankar Ganesan - School of American Education, Institute of Health & Management, Australia, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaShivaprakash Gangachannaiah - Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, IndiaDingwei Gao - Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalBashiru Garba - Usmanu Danfodiyo UniversityFernando Jr. Barroga Garcia - University of the Philippines ManilaMiguel Garcia-Argibay - University of SouthamptonNirmal Gautam - University of Southern QueenslandRupesh K Gautam - Centre for Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, IndiaBamba Gaye - Institute of Health and Development (ISED), Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMedRA), Dakar, SenegalHong-Han Ge - Shandong First Medical UniversityTsion S Gebre - Johns Hopkins UniversityBeza A Gelaw - Johns Hopkins UniversityGenanew K Getahun - Menelik II Medical and Health Science CollegeKalab Yigermal Gete - Bahir Dar UniversityFataneh Ghadirian - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesKhalid Yaser Ghailan - Jazan UniversityLeila Ghalichi - University of BirminghamArin Ghamkhar - Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IranLobna Gharaibeh - Amman Arab UniversityMohammad-Reza Ghasemi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSailaja Ghimire - Nepal Health Research CouncilEhsan Gholami - University of California, DavisZainab Gholami - University of ZanjanAlessandro Gialluisi - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoKonstantinos Giannakis - Ionian UniversityVaitsa Giannouli - Hellenic Open UniversityArtyom Urievich Gil - Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, KazakhstanSyed Abdullah Gilani - University of NizwaAlem Abera Girmay - Aksum UniversityKimiya Gohari - Tarbiat Modares UniversityPouya Goleij - Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, IranWei-Jie Gong - Shenzhen UniversityViktoriia Gorbunova - Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State UniversityChanghao Gu - Department of Gastroenterology, Cangnan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, ChinaHabtamu Alganeh Guadie - Bahir Dar UniversityShi-Yang Guan - Anhui Medical UniversityAlla Guekht - Moscow Research and Clinical Center for NeuropsychiatryDamitha Asanga Gunawardane - University of PeradeniyaSasidhar Gunturu - Department of Psychiatry, Bronxcare Health System, Bronx, NY, USAXingzhi Guo - Shaanxi Provincial People's HospitalZheng Guo - Vanderbilt University Medical CenterRoberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo - Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, BrazilJose Guzman-Esquivel - Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Segurity, Colima, MexicoAdrina Habibzadeh - Fasa University of Medical SciencesKirubel Tesfaye Hailu - University College CorkPritam Halder - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchIslam M Hamad - American University of MadabaAyman M. Hamdan-Mansour - University of JordanMohamed Hamed - King Abdulaziz UniversityMohammad Hamiduzzaman - University Centre for Rural Health (Northern Rivers), University of Sydney, Lismore, NSW, AustraliaFahad Hanna - Torrens University AustraliaMohd Anul Haq - Majmaah UniversityAndy Martahan Andreas Hariandja - Health Polytechnic of The Ministry of Health Jakarta III, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, IndonesiaJosep Maria Haro - Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, SpainSara Harsini - University of TorontoEka Mishbahatul Marah Has - Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, IndonesiaAhmed I Hasaballah - Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptFaizul Hasan - Chulalongkorn UniversityIkramul Hasan - University of DhakaMd Kamrul Hasan - McMaster UniversityTowhid Hasan - Noakhali Science and Technology UniversityHamidreza Hasani - Alborz University of Medical SciencesAlireza Hasanzadeh - Tehran University of Medical SciencesDivna M Haslam - School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaAmmarah Hasnain - Lahore University of Biological and Applied SciencesMd Saquib Hasnain - Adamas UniversityIkrama Hassan - University Teaching HospitalNageeb Hassan - Ajman UniversitySimon I Hay - University of WashingtonKhezar Hayat - University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesDarren Hedley - Deakin UniversityKhedidja Hedna - University of GothenburgMohammad Heidari - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesBrenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna - Universidad Autonoma de ManizalesSumudu Avanthi Hewage - Queensland University of TechnologyMajid Heydari - National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Sciences Education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, IranMatthew Hobbs - University of CanterburyRamesh Holla - Kasturba Medical College, MangaloreYu Hong - Guangzhou Huali CollegeMd Sabbir Hossain - Shahjalal University of Science and TechnologyMd. Jubayer Hossain - Center for Health Innovation, Research, Action and Learning - Bangladesh (CHIRAL Bangladesh), Dhaka, BangladeshSyed Billal Hossain - Daffodil International UniversityMehdi Hosseinzade - Duy Tan UniversityMila Nu Nu Htay - Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaYongsong Huang - Tohoku UniversityWaqar Husain - COMSATS University IslamabadM Azhar Hussain - University of SharjahHong-Han Huynh - Taipei Medical UniversityBing-Fang Hwang - Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung, TaiwanSegun Emmanuel Ibitoye - University of IbadanFatma Magdi Ibrahim - Mansoura UniversityReem Ibrahim - Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSumaira Idrees - COMSATS University IslamabadOlayinka Stephen Ilesanmi - West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, NigeriaIrena M Ilic - University of BelgradeSalim Ilyasu - Bayero University KanoMujahid Iqbal - Wuhan UniversityFarideh Iravanpour - Hormozgan University of Medical SciencesMasoud Noroozi - Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health SystemsAzfar Athar Ishaqui - King Khalid University
- Publication Details
- The Lancet (British edition), v 407(10543), pp 2040-2064
- Publisher
- Elsevier Ltd
- Number of pages
- 25
- Grant note
- GBD Secretariat, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) GBD Collaborator Network under the IHME: 5044 Gates Foundation University of Queensland
This paper was developed as part of the GBD Collaborator Network and GBD Protocol with support from the GBD Secretariat, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), and the GBD Collaborator Network under the IHME ID 5044. We acknowledge funding received from the Gates Foundation, Queensland Health, and University of Queensland.
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:001788910000001
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-105039957925
- Other Identifier
- 991022189165704721