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Journal article
What is the evidence for hardening in the cigarette smoking population? Trends in nicotine dependence in the U.S., 2002–2012
Drug and alcohol dependence, v 142, pp 333-340
01 Sep 2014
PMID: 25064023
Featured in Collection : UN Sustainable Development Goals @ Drexel
Abstract
•We did not find evidence of increased dependence severity among cigarette smokers in the U.S., 2002–2012.•Differences in dependence severity based on mental health status grew over the study period.•Severity of symptoms related to craving, smoking to relieve negative affect, and continuity (i.e., regularity) of smoking increased among women and low-income smokers.
It is unclear whether declines in cigarette smoking in the U.S. have resulted in a hardened population of “hardcore” smokers. We studied changes in nicotine dependence severity from 2002 to 2012, using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
We used generalized non-linear factor analysis to examine whether individual Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) items functioned differently over time, and whether average NDSS scores changed in a sample of 130,637 current smokers. We also examined trends for individual NDSS sub-scales and whether trends were moderated by tobacco consumption and socio-demographic factors.
Consumption levels and dependence severity both declined over the study period. This decline was driven by priority (e.g., avoiding smoke-free locations) and tolerance dimensions of dependence, while drive (e.g., craving and smoking to relieve negative affect) and continuity (e.g., stability) of smoking did not change. Declines for tolerance were greatest among those without serious psychological distress and among middle-aged smokers. Drive and continuity increased among women and low income smokers.
We did not find evidence of hardening at the population level for smokers in the U.S., 2002–2012. However, there is evidence of hardening when considering drive and continuity-related nicotine dependence among women and low-income smokers, suggesting these sub-groups are experiencing greater severity of craving, smoking to relieve negative affect, and regularity of smoking despite reduced consumption.
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Details
- Title
- What is the evidence for hardening in the cigarette smoking population? Trends in nicotine dependence in the U.S., 2002–2012
- Creators
- Philip H. Smith - Yale UniversityJennifer S. Rose - Wesleyan UniversityCarolyn M. Mazure - Yale UniversityGary A. Giovino - University at Buffalo, State University of New YorkSherry A. McKee - Yale University
- Publication Details
- Drug and alcohol dependence, v 142, pp 333-340
- Publisher
- Elsevier Ireland Ltd
- Number of pages
- 8
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000341347700046
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-84905583748
- Other Identifier
- 991022031024004721
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InCites Highlights
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Psychiatry
- Substance Abuse